Zev Gartner, PhD
Professor
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
School of Pharmacy

Tissue structure - or the composition and physical arrangement of cells, extracellular matrix, and diffusible molecules - helps to coordinate cellular behaviors by organizing the flow of chemical, mechanical, and electrical information between cells. Thus, building tissue structure correctly and maintaining tissue structure over time are prerequisites for engineering functional organs and stopping the progression of diseases like cancer.

We are interested in three general questions about how tissue structure forms and functions:

(i) How does tissue structure form through the process of self-organization? (ii) How does tissue structure help cells to arrive at collective decisions and to organize collective behaviors? (iii) How does tissue structure breakdown during the progression of diseases like cancer?

To answer these questions we take a synthetic approach, building human tissues from the bottom-up. This approach allows us to measure and perturb the molecular and physical properties of individual cells, reconstitute them into living tissue, then observe their interactions to reveal the underlying "rules" guiding their collective behaviors. We focus primarily on the cells and tissues of the human breast, and our work incorporates experimental principles from the chemical, biological, and engineering sciences.

• Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains.
  Nature cell biology 2024 Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz …
• MAGIC matrices: freeform bioprinting materials to support complex and reproducible organoid morphogenesis.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Graham AJ, Khoo MWL, Srivastava V, Viragova S, Parekh K, Morley CD, Bird M, Lebel P, Kumar S, Klein O, Gómez-Sjöberg R, Gartner ZJ
• deMULTIplex2: robust sample demultiplexing for scRNA-seq.
  Genome biology 2024 Zhu Q, Conrad DN, Gartner ZJ
• Coordinated immune dysregulation in Juvenile Dermatomyositis revealed by single-cell genomics.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Rabadam G, Wibrand C, Flynn E, Hartoularos GC, Sun Y, Ye CJ, Kim S, Gartner Z, Sirota M, Neely J
• Epithelial TNF controls cell differentiation and CFTR activity to maintain intestinal mucin homeostasis.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2023 Reyes EA, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Rispal J, Wald T, Zwick RK, Palikuqi B, Mujukian A, Rabizadeh S, Gupta AR, Gardner JM, Boffelli D, Gartner ZJ, Klein OD
• Loss of PPARγ activity characterizes early protumorigenic stromal reprogramming and dictates the therapeutic window of opportunity.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2023 Caruso JA, Wang X, Murrow LM, Rodriguez CI, Chen-Tanyolac C, Vu L, Chen YY, Gascard P, Gartner ZJ, Kerlikowske K, Tlsty TD
• Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz …
• Patterning and folding of intestinal villi by active mesenchymal dewetting.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Huycke TR, Miyazaki H, Häkkinen TJ, Srivastava V, Barruet E, McGinnis CS, Kalantari A, Cornwall-Scoones J, Vaka D, Zhu Q, Jo H, DeGrado WF, Thomson M, Garikipati K, Boffelli D, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ
• Configurational entropy is an intrinsic driver of tissue structural heterogeneity.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Srivastava V, Hu JL, Garbe JC, Veytsman B, Shalabi SF, Yllanes D, Thomson M, LaBarge MA, Huber G, Gartner ZJ
• D-SPIN constructs gene regulatory network models from multiplexed scRNA-seq data revealing organizing principles of cellular perturbation response.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Jiang J, Chen S, Tsou T, McGinnis CS, Khazaei T, Zhu Q, Park JH, Strazhnik IM, Hanna J, Chow ED, Sivak DA, Gartner ZJ, Thomson M
• Modeling collective cell behavior in cancer: Perspectives from an interdisciplinary conversation.
  Cell systems 2023 Adler FR, Anderson ARA, Bhushan A, Bogdan P, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Brock A, Chen Y, Cukierman E, DelGiorno KE, Denis GV, Ferrall-Fairbanks MC, Gartner ZJ, Germain RN, Gordon DM, Hunter G, Jolly MK, …
• deMULTIplex2: robust sample demultiplexing for scRNA-seq.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Zhu Q, Conrad DN, Gartner ZJ
• Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics with templated emulsification.
  Nature biotechnology 2023 Clark IC, Fontanez KM, Meltzer RH, Xue Y, Hayford C, May-Zhang A, D'Amato C, Osman A, Zhang JQ, Hettige P, Ishibashi JSA, Delley CL, Weisgerber DW, Replogle JM, Jost M, Phong KT, Kennedy VE, Peretz …
• Programming the Self-Organization of Endothelial Cells into Perfusable Microvasculature.
  Tissue engineering. Part A 2023 Cabral KA, Srivastava V, Graham AJ, Coyle MC, Stashko C, Weaver V, Gartner ZJ
• Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling.
  Nature cell biology 2022 Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, …
• Single-cell profiling of environmental enteropathy reveals signatures of epithelial remodeling and immune activation.
  Science translational medicine 2022 Kummerlowe C, Mwakamui S, Hughes TK, Mulugeta N, Mudenda V, Besa E, Zyambo K, Shay JES, Fleming I, Vukovic M, Doran BA, Aicher TP, Wadsworth MH, Bramante JT, Uchida AM, Fardoos R, Asowata OE, Herbert …
• A reductionist approach to determine the effect of cell-cell contact on human epidermal stem cell differentiation.
  Acta biomaterialia 2022 Louis B, Tewary M, Bremer AW, Philippeos C, Negri VA, Zijl S, Gartner ZJ, Schaffer DV, Watt FM
• Mapping hormone-regulated cell-cell interaction networks in the human breast at single-cell resolution.
  Cell systems 2022 Murrow LM, Weber RJ, Caruso JA, McGinnis CS, Phong K, Gascard P, Rabadam G, Borowsky AD, Desai TA, Thomson M, Tlsty T, Gartner ZJ
• Systematically quantifying morphological features reveals constraints on organoid phenotypes.
  Cell systems 2022 Beck LE, Lee J, Coté C, Dunagin MC, Lukonin I, Salla N, Chang MK, Hughes AJ, Mornin JD, Gartner ZJ, Liberali P, Raj A
• Lineage tracing reveals the phylodynamics, plasticity, and paths of tumor evolution.
  Cell 2022 Yang D, Jones MG, Naranjo S, Rideout WM, Min KHJ, Ho R, Wu W, Replogle JM, Page JL, Quinn JJ, Horns F, Qiu X, Chen MZ, Freed-Pastor WA, McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Gartner ZJ, Chow ED, Bivona TG, Chan …
• Single cell enhancer activity distinguishes GABAergic and cholinergic lineages in embryonic mouse basal ganglia.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2022 Su-Feher L, Rubin AN, Silberberg SN, Catta-Preta R, Lim KJ, Ypsilanti AR, Zdilar I, McGinnis CS, McKinsey GL, Rubino TE, Hawrylycz MJ, Thompson C, Gartner ZJ, Puelles L, Zeng H, Rubenstein JLR, Nord …
• Bisphenol A replacement chemicals, BPF and BPS, induce protumorigenic changes in human mammary gland organoid morphology and proteome.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2022 Winkler J, Liu P, Phong K, Hinrichs JH, Ataii N, Williams K, Hadler-Olsen E, Samson S, Gartner ZJ, Fisher S, Werb Z
• Abstract P5-06-02: A gene expression meta-analysis identifies microenvironment differences in cellular composition and cell-cell interactions associated with breast cancer invasion.
  Cancer Research 2022 Adam Officer, Andre Dempsey, Farnaz Hasteh, Michal Slyper, Asa Segerstolpe, Joanna Klughammer, Judit Jane-Valbuena, Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen, Lyndsay Murrow, Zev Gartner, Aviv Regev, Christina Yau, Pablo…
• Setting boundaries for tissue patterning.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2022 Huycke TR, Gartner ZJ
• Single-Cell Protein Profiling by Microdroplet Barcoding and Next-Generation Sequencing.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2022 Kim SC, Haliburton JR, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Membrane compartmentalization by adherens junctions creates a spatial switch for Notch signaling and function.
  2021 Minsuk Kwak, Kaden Southard, Woon Ryoung Kim, Annie Lin, Nam Hyeong Kim, Ramu Gopalappa, Minji An, Hyun Jung Lee, Seo Hyun Choi, Justin Farlow, Anastasios Georgakopoulos, Nikolaos Robakis, Min Kang, …
• Human microglia states are conserved across experimental models and regulate neural stem cell responses in chimeric organoids.
  Cell stem cell 2021 Popova G, Soliman SS, Kim CN, Keefe MG, Hennick KM, Jain S, Li T, Tejera D, Shin D, Chhun BB, McGinnis CS, Speir M, Gartner ZJ, Mehta SB, Haeussler M, Hengen KB, Ransohoff RR, Piao X, Nowakowski TJ
• AMULET: a novel read count-based method for effective multiplet detection from single nucleus ATAC-seq data.
  Genome biology 2021 Thibodeau A, Eroglu A, McGinnis CS, Lawlor N, Nehar-Belaid D, Kursawe R, Marches R, Conrad DN, Kuchel GA, Gartner ZJ, Banchereau J, Stitzel ML, Cicek AE, Ucar D
• EPH/EPHRIN regulates cellular organization by actomyosin contractility effects on cell contacts.
  The Journal of cell biology 2021 Kindberg AA, Srivastava V, Muncie JM, Weaver VM, Gartner ZJ, Bush JO
• Commitment and oncogene-induced plasticity of human stem cell-derived pancreatic acinar and ductal organoids.
  Cell stem cell 2021 Huang L, Desai R, Conrad DN, Leite NC, Akshinthala D, Lim CM, Gonzalez R, Muthuswamy LB, Gartner Z, Muthuswamy SK
• Roadmap for the multiscale coupling of biochemical and mechanical signals during development.
  Physical biology 2021 Lenne PF, Munro E, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A, Bocanegra-Moreno L, Kishi K, Kicheva A, Long Y, Fruleux A, Boudaoud A, Saunders TE, Caldarelli P, Michaut A, Gros J, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Keren K, Hannezo E, …
• T cell circuits that sense antigen density with an ultrasensitive threshold.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2021 Hernandez-Lopez RA, Yu W, Cabral KA, Creasey OA, Lopez Pazmino MDP, Tonai Y, De Guzman A, Mäkelä A, Saksela K, Gartner ZJ, Lim WA
• Simple, Affordable, and Modular Patterning of Cells using DNA.
  Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2021 Cabral KA, Patterson DM, Scheideler OJ, Cole R, Abate AR, Schaffer DV, Sohn LL, Gartner ZJ
• Simple, Affordable, and Modular Patterning of Cells using DNA.
  Journal of Visualized Experiments 2021 Katelyn A. Cabral, David M. Patterson, Olivia J. Scheideler, Russell Cole, Adam R. Abate, David V. Schaffer, Lydia L. Sohn, Zev J. Gartner
• High diversity droplet microfluidic libraries generated with a commercial liquid spotter.
  Scientific reports 2021 Zhang JQ, Siltanen CA, Dolatmoradi A, Sun C, Chang KC, Cole RH, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Expanding the boundaries of synthetic development.
  Developmental biology 2021 Martyn I, Gartner ZJ
• Identifying Enthalpic Barriers to Entropically-Driven Structural Disruption in Breast Cancers.
  Biophysical Journal 2021 Vasudha Srivastava, Jennifer L. Hu, James C. Garbe, Martha R. Stampfer, Mark A. LaBarge, Matthew Thomson, Zev J. Gartner
• No detectable alloreactive transcriptional responses under standard sample preparation conditions during donor-multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  BMC biology 2021 McGinnis CS, Siegel DA, Xie G, Hartoularos G, Stone M, Ye CJ, Gartner ZJ, Roan NR, Lee SA
• Guiding tissue-scale self-organization.
  Nature materials 2021 Gartner ZJ, Hu JL
• Abstract 351: Alterations in immune cell signatures during breast cancer metastasis at single cell resolution.
  Cancer Research 2020 Juliane Winkler, Weilun Tan, Christopher McGinnis, Zev Gartner, Spyros Darmanis, Zena Werb
• ZipSeq: barcoding for real-time mapping of single cell transcriptomes.
  Nature methods 2020 Hu KH, Eichorst JP, McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Chow ED, Kersten K, Jameson SC, Gartner ZJ, Rao AA, Krummel MF
• Organoid models for mammary gland dynamics and breast cancer.
  Current opinion in cell biology 2020 Srivastava V, Huycke TR, Phong KT, Gartner ZJ
• 2063-P: Quantitative Analysis of Human and Mouse Islet Tissue Structure.
  Diabetes 2020 OLIVIA A. CREASEY, JULIE B. SNEDDON, ZEV J. GARTNER
• High Throughput Yeast Strain Phenotyping with Droplet-Based RNA Sequencing.
  Journal of Visualized Experiments 2020 Jesse Q. Zhang, Kai-Chun Chang, Leqian Liu, Zev J. Gartner, Adam R. Abate
• High Throughput Yeast Strain Phenotyping with Droplet-Based RNA Sequencing.
  Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2020 Zhang JQ, Chang KC, Liu L, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Linked optical and gene expression profiling of single cells at high-throughput.
  Genome biology 2020 Zhang JQ, Siltanen CA, Liu L, Chang KC, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Balancing Act: Cell Polarity and Shape Compete to Ensure Robust Development.
  Developmental cell 2019 Murrow LM, Gartner ZJ
• Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a Possible Treatment of Aggressive Breast Cancer.
  Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) 2019 Harel ET, Drake PM, Barfield RM, Lui I, Farr-Jones S, Van't Veer L, Gartner ZJ, Green EM, Lourenço AL, Cheng Y, Hann BC, Rabuka D, Craik CS
• Getting the measure of living biomaterials.
  Nature 2019 Gartner Z, Hughes A
• MULTI-seq: sample multiplexing for single-cell RNA sequencing using lipid-tagged indices.
  Nature methods 2019 McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Winkler J, Conrad DN, Hein MY, Srivastava V, Hu JL, Murrow LM, Weissman JS, Werb Z, Chow ED, Gartner ZJ
• 2151-P: Quantification of Tissue Structure in Human and Mouse Islets.
  Diabetes 2019 OLIVIA A. CREASEY, DANIEL ELNATAN, JULIE B. SNEDDON, ZEV J. GARTNER
• Human organoids: a new dimension in cell biology.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2019 Lehmann R, Lee CM, Shugart EC, Benedetti M, Charo RA, Gartner Z, Hogan B, Knoblich J, Nelson CM, Wilson KM
• DoubletFinder: Doublet Detection in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Using Artificial Nearest Neighbors.
  Cell systems 2019 McGinnis CS, Murrow LM, Gartner ZJ
• Paracrine costimulation of IFN-γ signaling by integrins modulates CD8 T cell differentiation.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2018 Krummel MF, Mahale JN, Uhl LFK, Hardison EA, Mujal AM, Mazet JM, Weber RJ, Gartner ZJ, Gérard A
• Cell-Specific Chemical Delivery Using a Selective Nitroreductase-Nitroaryl Pair.
  ACS chemical biology 2018 Gruber TD, Krishnamurthy C, Grimm JB, Tadross MR, Wysocki LM, Gartner ZJ, Lavis LD
• Quanti.us: a tool for rapid, flexible, crowd-based annotation of images.
  Nature methods 2018 Hughes AJ, Mornin JD, Biswas SK, Beck LE, Bauer DP, Raj A, Bianco S, Gartner ZJ
• An Oil-Free Picodrop Bioassay Platform for Synthetic Biology.
  Scientific reports 2018 Siltanen CA, Cole RH, Poust S, Chao L, Tyerman J, Kaufmann-Malaga B, Ubersax J, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Characterizing cellular mechanical phenotypes with mechano-node-pore sensing.
  Microsystems & nanoengineering 2018 Kim J, Han S, Lei A, Miyano M, Bloom J, Srivastava V, Stampfer MM, Gartner ZJ, LaBarge MA, Sohn LL
• Phosphorylated EGFR Dimers Are Not Sufficient to Activate Ras.
  Cell reports 2018 Liang SI, van Lengerich B, Eichel K, Cha M, Patterson DM, Yoon TY, von Zastrow M, Jura N, Gartner ZJ
• Engineered Tissue Folding by Mechanical Compaction of the Mesenchyme.
  Developmental cell 2017 Hughes AJ, Miyazaki H, Coyle MC, Zhang J, Laurie MT, Chu D, Vavrušová Z, Schneider RA, Klein OD, Gartner ZJ
• Opportunities for organoids as new models of aging.
  The Journal of cell biology 2017 Hu JL, Todhunter ME, LaBarge MA, Gartner ZJ
• Single-cell mechanogenetics using monovalent magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles.
  Nature protocols 2017 Kim JW, Seo D, Lee JU, Southard KM, Lim Y, Kim D, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW, Cheon J
• Printed droplet microfluidics for on demand dispensing of picoliter droplets and cells.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017 Cole RH, Tang SY, Siltanen CA, Shahi P, Zhang JQ, Poust S, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• A Mechanogenetic Toolkit for Interrogating Cell Signaling in Space and Time.
  Cell 2017 Seo D, Southard KM, Kim JW, Lee HJ, Farlow J, Lee JU, Litt DB, Haas T, Alivisatos AP, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW
• Unraveling cell-to-cell signaling networks with chemical biology.
  Nature chemical biology 2017 Gartner ZJ, Prescher JA, Lavis LD
• A DNA-Based T Cell Receptor Reveals a Role for Receptor Clustering in Ligand Discrimination.
  Cell 2017 Taylor MJ, Husain K, Gartner ZJ, Mayor S, Vale RD
• Dissecting the stem cell niche with organoid models: an engineering-based approach.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2017 Murrow LM, Weber RJ, Gartner ZJ
• Non-autonomous cell proliferation in the mammary gland and cancer.
  Current opinion in cell biology 2017 Weber RJ, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ
• Abseq: Ultrahigh-throughput single cell protein profiling with droplet microfluidic barcoding.
  Scientific reports 2017 Shahi P, Kim SC, Haliburton JR, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• 192 Diagnosis and therapy of aggressive breast cancers by targeting urokinase receptor.
  European Journal of Cancer 2016 E. Harel, S. Liang, S. Brain, Z. Gartner, L. Van't Veer, C. Craik
• Effects of cell type and configuration on anabolic and catabolic activity in 3D co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposus cells.
  Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2016 Ouyang A, Cerchiari AE, Tang X, Liebenberg E, Alliston T, Gartner ZJ, Lotz JC
• Rapid Organoid Reconstitution by Chemical Micromolding.
  ACS biomaterials science & engineering 2016 Weber RJ, Cerchiari AE, Delannoy LS, Garbe JC, LaBarge MA, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ
• Fabrication of 3-D Reconstituted Organoid Arrays by DNA-Programmed Assembly of Cells (DPAC).
  Current protocols in chemical biology 2016 Todhunter ME, Weber RJ, Farlow J, Jee NY, Cerchiari AE, Gartner ZJ
• Probing the luminal microenvironment of reconstituted epithelial microtissues.
  Scientific reports 2016 Cerchiari AE, Samy KE, Todhunter ME, Schlesinger E, Henise J, Rieken C, Gartner ZJ, Desai TA
• Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers.
  Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2016 Cole RH, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers.
  Journal of Visualized Experiments 2016 Russell H. Cole, Zev J. Gartner, Adam R. Abate
• Mysteries in a Minimal Genome.
  ACS central science 2016 Coyle M, Hu J, Gartner Z
• Interrogating cellular fate decisions with high-throughput arrays of multiplexed cellular communities.
  Nature communications 2016 Chen S, Bremer AW, Scheideler OJ, Na YS, Todhunter ME, Hsiao S, Bomdica PR, Maharbiz MM, Gartner ZJ, Schaffer DV
• Coupling between apical tension and basal adhesion allow epithelia to collectively sense and respond to substrate topography over long distances.
  Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro 2015 Broaders KE, Cerchiari AE, Gartner ZJ
• Compact and modular multicolour fluorescence detector for droplet microfluidics.
  Lab on a chip 2015 Cole RH, de Lange N, Gartner ZJ, Abate AR
• Formation of spatially and geometrically controlled three-dimensional tissues in soft gels by sacrificial micromolding.
  Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods 2014 Cerchiari A, Garbe JC, Todhunter ME, Jee NY, Pinney JR, LaBarge MA, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ
• Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots.
  Journal of Visualized Experiments 2014 Daeha Seo, Justin Farlow, Kade Southard, Young-wook Jun, Zev J. Gartner
• A modular approach for assembling aldehyde-tagged proteins on DNA scaffolds.
  Journal of the American Chemical Society 2014 Liang SI, McFarland JM, Rabuka D, Gartner ZJ
• Cells: Shaping tissues and organs.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2014 Rosenblatt J, Gartner Z
• Regulating Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Notch Signaling in Live Cells via Magnetoplasmonic Nanoprobes.
  Biophysical Journal 2014 Daeha Seo, Jiwook Kim, Justin Farlow, Hyunjung Lee, Paul Alivisatos, Jinwoo Cheon, Zev Gartner, Young-wook Jun
• Formation of targeted monovalent quantum dots by steric exclusion.
  Nature methods 2013 Farlow J, Seo D, Broaders KE, Taylor MJ, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3406 is a type II alkyl sulfatase capable of sulfate scavenging.
  PloS one 2013 Sogi KM, Gartner ZJ, Breidenbach MA, Appel MJ, Schelle MW, Bertozzi CR
• Directing the assembly of spatially organized multicomponent tissues from the bottom up.
  Trends in cell biology 2012 Liu JS, Gartner ZJ
• Programmed cell-to-cell variability in Ras activity triggers emergent behaviors during mammary epithelial morphogenesis.
  Cell reports 2012 Liu JS, Farlow JT, Paulson AK, Labarge MA, Gartner ZJ
• Cellular microfabrication: observing intercellular interactions using lithographically-defined DNA capture sequences.
  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2012 Onoe H, Hsiao SC, Douglas ES, Gartner ZJ, Bertozzi CR, Francis MB, Mathies RA
• Chemically programmed cell adhesion with membrane-anchored oligonucleotides.
  Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011 Selden NS, Todhunter ME, Jee NY, Liu JS, Broaders KE, Gartner ZJ
• Direct cell surface modification with DNA for the capture of primary cells and the investigation of myotube formation on defined patterns.
  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2009 Hsiao SC, Shum BJ, Onoe H, Douglas ES, Gartner ZJ, Mathies RA, Bertozzi CR, Francis MB
• Programmed assembly of 3-dimensional microtissues with defined cellular connectivity.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009 Gartner ZJ, Bertozzi CR
• Boron nitride nanotubes are noncytotoxic and can be functionalized for interaction with proteins and cells.
  Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009 Chen X, Wu P, Rousseas M, Okawa D, Gartner Z, Zettl A, Bertozzi CR
• Evolutionary approaches for the discovery of functional synthetic small molecules.
  Pure and Applied Chemistry 2006 Zev J. Gartner
• DNA-templated organic synthesis and selection of a library of macrocycles.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2004 Gartner ZJ, Tse BN, Grubina R, Doyon JB, Snyder TM, Liu DR
• Directed evolution of ligand dependence: small-molecule-activated protein splicing.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 Buskirk AR, Ong YC, Gartner ZJ, Liu DR
• Translation of DNA into synthetic N-acyloxazolidines.
  Journal of the American Chemical Society 2004 Li X, Gartner ZJ, Tse BN, Liu DR
• Two Enabling Architectures for DNA-Templated Organic Synthesis.
  Angewandte Chemie 2003 Zev J. Gartner, Rozalina Grubina, Christopher T. Calderone, David R. Liu
• Two enabling architectures for DNA-templated organic synthesis.
  Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 2003 Gartner ZJ, Grubina R, Calderone CT, Liu DR
• Directing Otherwise Incompatible Reactions in a Single Solution by Using DNA-Templated Organic Synthesis.
  Angewandte Chemie 2002 Christopher T. Calderone, James W. Puckett, Zev J. Gartner, David R. Liu
• Expanding the Reaction Scope of DNA-Templated Synthesis .
  Angewandte Chemie 2002 Zev J. Gartner, Matthew W. Kanan, David R. Liu
• Expanding the reaction scope of DNA-templated synthesis.
  Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 2002 Gartner ZJ, Kanan MW, Liu DR
• ChemInform Abstract: The Generality of DNA-Templated Synthesis as a Basis for Evolving Non-Natural Small Molecules.
  ChemInform 2001 Zev J. Gartner, David R. Liu
• The generality of DNA-templated synthesis as a basis for evolving non-natural small molecules.
  Journal of the American Chemical Society 2001 Gartner ZJ, Liu DR