Wendy Max, PhD
Professor
Institute for Health & Aging
School of Nursing

She has estimated national costs of smoking; costs to Medicare, Medicaid, and private payers; costs in California; and the impact on communities of color. She is currently developing models of the impact of secondhand exposure on healthcare expenditures in California and the US. Her other current projects include evaluating an integrated primary healthcare program in rural Malawi and looking at the economic impact of hurricane Katrina on the primary healthcare safety net in New Orleans. Dr. Max has also conducted studies related to the economic impact of Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and injuries.

• Changes in e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation in the USA: evidence from a prospective PATH study, 2013-2018.
  Tobacco control 2022 Wang Y, Sung HY, Max WB
• The smoke-free home study: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of a smoke-free home intervention in permanent supportive housing.
  BMC public health 2022 Odes R, Alway J, Kushel M, Max W, Vijayaraghavan M
• Healthcare utilisation and expenditures attributable to current e-cigarette use among US adults.
  Tobacco control 2022 Wang Y, Sung HY, Lightwood J, Yao T, Max WB
• Flavored Tobacco Product Use Among Young Adults by Race and Ethnicity: Evidence From the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.
  The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2022 Watkins SL, Pieper F, Chaffee BW, Yerger VB, Ling PM, Max W
• Lifetime Cardiovascular Disease Risk by Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Individuals With and Without Diabetes: An Analysis From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
  Diabetes care 2022 Ferket BS, Hunink MGM, Masharani U, Max W, Yeboah J, Burke GL, Fleischmann KE
• Receiving and giving electronic cigarettes as gifts in China: Findings from International Tobacco Control China Survey.
  Preventive medicine reports 2022 Lyu JC, Sung HY, Yao T, Quah ACK, Jiang Y, Fong GT, Max W
• Association between e-cigarette use and food insecurity among low-income adults.
  Tobacco control 2022 Gu D, Max WB, Yao T, Wang Y, Keeler C, Sung HY
• Electronic cigarette knowledge, attitudes and use among students at a university in Hangzhou, China.
  Tobacco induced diseases 2022 Fang J, Ren J, Ren L, Max W, Yao T, Zhao F
• The Association of Cannabis Use and Cigarette Smoking with Psychological Distress Among Adults in California.
  Substance use & misuse 2021 Wang N, Yao T, Sung HY, Max W
• The Association of California's Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase With Smoking Behavior Across Racial and Ethnic Groups and by Income.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2021 Keeler C, Wang Y, Max W, Yao T, Gu D, Sung HY
• Evaluation of Clinical and Economic Outcomes Following Implementation of a Medicare Pay-for-Performance Program for Surgical Procedures.
  JAMA network open 2021 Kim KM, White JS, Max W, Chapman SA, Muench U
• Smoking-Attributable Doctor Visits and Emergency Room Utilization and Costs by California's Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community.
  Journal of homosexuality 2021 Max W, Stark B, Sung HY, Offen N
• Long-term Predictions of Incident Coronary Artery Calcium to 85 Years of Age for Asymptomatic Individuals With and Without Type 2 Diabetes.
  Diabetes care 2021 Ferket BS, Hunink MGM, Masharani U, Max W, Yeboah J, Fleischmann KE
• Differential price-responsiveness of smoking behaviors among non-Hispanic African Americans and non-Hispanic whites in the United States.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2021 Wang Y, Max W, Yao T, Keeler C, Sung HY
• Estimating Long-Term Health Utility Scores and Expenditures for Cardiovascular Disease From the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
  Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2021 Morey JR, Jiang S, Klein S, Max W, Masharani U, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MGM, Ferket BS
• Health Care Utilization of Menthol and Non-menthol Cigarette Smokers.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2021 Wang Y, Watkins SL, Sung HY, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Estimating The Costs Of Inaction And The Economic Benefits Of Addressing The Health Harms Of Climate Change.
  Health affairs (Project Hope) 2020 Limaye VS, Max W, Constible J, Knowlton K
• Do penalty-based pay-for-performance programs improve surgical care more effectively than other payment strategies? A systematic review.
  Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2020 Kim KM, Max W, White JS, Chapman SA, Muench U
• The impact of e-cigarette and cigarette prices on e-cigarette and cigarette sales in California.
  Preventive medicine reports 2020 Yao T, Sung HY, Huang J, Chu L, St Helen G, Max W
• Real-World Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Strategies for Young and Older Adults: Findings From a Nationally Representative Cohort.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Watkins SL, Thrul J, Max W, Ling PM
• Cold Turkey and Hot Vapes? A National Study of Young Adult Cigarette Cessation Strategies.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Watkins SL, Thrul J, Max W, Ling PM
• Effects of Cigarette Prices on Intention to Quit, Quit Attempts, and Successful Cessation Among African American Smokers.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Keeler C, Max W, Yerger VB, Yao T, Wang Y, Ong MK, Sung HY
• Smoking Behavior in Low- and High-Income Adults Immediately Following California Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase.
  American journal of public health 2020 Keeler C, Max W, Yao T, Wang Y, Zhang X, Sung HY
• A Community Choir Intervention to Promote Well-Being Among Diverse Older Adults: Results From the Community of Voices Trial.
  The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences 2020 Johnson JK, Stewart AL, Acree M, Nápoles AM, Flatt JD, Max WB, Gregorich SE
• Medical and socio-demographic characteristics associated with patient-perceived continuity of primary care: A cross-sectional survey in Hangzhou, China.
  The International journal of health planning and management 2019 Zhang T, Ren J, Zhang X, Max W
• Social Support and Patterns of Institutionalization Among Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study.
  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019 Oh A, Patel K, Boscardin WJ, Max W, Stephens C, Ritchie CS, Smith AK
• Estimating the Health-Related Costs of 10 Climate-Sensitive U.S. Events During 2012.
  GeoHealth 2019 Limaye VS, Max W, Constible J, Knowlton K
• Estimating the health-related costs of 10 climate-sensitive US events during 2012
  GeoHealth 2019 Limaye VS, Max W, Constable J, Knowlton K.
• Deaths from smoking and from HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual men in California, 2005-2050.
  Tobacco control 2019 Max WB, Stark BB, Sung HY, Offen NB
• Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants: An Underestimated Workforce for Older Adults with Cancer.
  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019 Coombs LA, Max W, Kolevska T, Tonner C, Stephens C
• Healthcare Costs of Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home for U.S. Children.
  American journal of preventive medicine 2018 Yao T, Sung HY, Wang Y, Lightwood J, Max W
• Economic Impact of Financial Incentives and Mailing Nicotine Patches to Help Medicaid Smokers Quit Smoking: A Cost-Benefit Analysis.
  American journal of preventive medicine 2018 Sung HY, Penko J, Cummins SE, Max W, Zhu SH, Bibbins-Domingo K, Kohatsu ND
• Modelling the impact of a new tobacco product: review of Philip Morris International's Population Health Impact Model as applied to the IQOS heated tobacco product.
  Tobacco control 2018 Max WB, Sung HY, Lightwood J, Wang Y, Yao T
• Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Attributable to Smokeless Tobacco Use Among US Adults.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2018 Wang Y, Sung HY, Lightwood J, Chaffee BW, Yao T, Max W
• Polytobacco Use and Nicotine Dependence Symptoms Among US Adults, 2012-2014.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2018 Sung HY, Wang Y, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Infrequent and Frequent Nondaily Smokers and Daily Smokers: Their Characteristics and Other Tobacco Use Patterns.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2018 Wang Y, Sung HY, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Attributable to Cigar Smoking Among US Adults, 2000-2015.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2018 Wang Y, Sung HY, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Healthcare costs attributable to secondhand smoke exposure at home for U.S. adults.
  Preventive medicine 2017 Yao T, Sung HY, Wang Y, Lightwood J, Max W
• Relationship between spending on electronic cigarettes, 30-day use, and disease symptoms among current adult cigarette smokers in the U.S.
  PloS one 2017 Yao T, Max W, Sung HY, Glantz SA, Goldberg RL, Wang JB, Wang Y, Lightwood J, Cataldo J
• The Association of Menthol Cigarette Use With Quit Attempts, Successful Cessation, and Intention to Quit Across Racial/Ethnic Groups in the United States.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2017 Keeler C, Max W, Yerger V, Yao T, Ong MK, Sung HY
• Utilization of a Sobering Center for Acute Alcohol Intoxication.
  Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2017 Smith-Bernardin S, Carrico A, Max W, Chapman S
• Responsiveness to cigarette prices by different racial/ethnic groups of US adults.
  Tobacco control 2017 Yao T, Ong MK, Max W, Keeler C, Wang Y, Yerger VB, Sung HY
• Tobacco growing and the sustainable development goals, Malawi.
  Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2017 Kulik MC, Bialous SA, Munthali S, Max W
• Factors associated with short-term transitions of non-daily smokers: socio-demographic characteristics and other tobacco product use.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2017 Wang Y, Sung HY, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Max et al. Respond.
  American journal of public health 2016 Max W, Stark B, Sung HY, Offen N
• Sexual Identity Disparities in Smoking and Secondhand Smoke Exposure in California: 2003-2013.
  American journal of public health 2016 Max WB, Stark B, Sung HY, Offen N
• Sociodemographic Differences Among U.S. Children and Adults Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Home: National Health Interview Surveys 2000 and 2010.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2016 Yao T, Sung HY, Wang Y, Lightwood J, Max W
• Comparing the cost-effectiveness of four novel risk markers for screening asymptomatic individuals to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US population.
  International journal of cardiology 2015 van Kempen BJ, Ferket BS, Steyerberg EW, Max W, Myriam Hunink MG, Fleischmann KE
• Study protocol for a cluster randomized trial of the Community of Voices choir intervention to promote the health and well-being of diverse older adults.
  BMC public health 2015 Johnson JK, Nápoles AM, Stewart AL, Max WB, Santoyo-Olsson J, Freyre R, Allison TA, Gregorich SE
• The Cost of Smoking in California.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2015 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y, Stark B
• Polytobacco Use of Cigarettes, Cigars, Chewing Tobacco, and Snuff Among US Adults.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2015 Sung HY, Wang Y, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W
• Home exposure to secondhand smoke among people living in multiunit housing and single family housing: a study of California adults, 2003-2012.
  Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2015 Chambers C, Sung HY, Max W
• Economic evaluation of a telephone- and face-to-face-delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease.
  The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care 2015 Berndt N, Bolman C, Lechner L, Max W, Mudde A, de Vries H, Evers S
• An evaluation of the FDA's analysis of the costs and benefits of the graphic warning label regulation.
  Tobacco control 2014 Chaloupka FJ, Warner KE, Acemoglu D, Gruber J, Laux F, Max W, Newhouse J, Schelling T, Sindelar J
• Secondhand smoke exposure and serum cotinine levels among current smokers in the USA.
  Tobacco control 2014 Lindsay RP, Tsoh JY, Sung HY, Max W
• The healthcare costs of secondhand smoke exposure in rural China.
  Tobacco control 2014 Yao T, Sung HY, Mao Z, Hu TW, Max W
• Childhood secondhand smoke exposure and ADHD-attributable costs to the health and education system.
  The Journal of school health 2014 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Health care expenditures attributable to smoking in military veterans.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2014 Barnett PG, Hamlett-Berry K, Sung HY, Max W
• Determinants of smoking-induced deprivation in China.
  Tobacco control 2014 Yao T, Huang J, Sung HY, Ong MK, Mao Z, Jiang Y, Fong GT, Max W
• Predictive value of updating Framingham risk scores with novel risk markers in the U.S. general population.
  PloS one 2014 Ferket BS, van Kempen BJ, Hunink MG, Agarwal I, Kavousi M, Franco OH, Steyerberg EW, Max W, Fleischmann KE
• The cost of secondhand smoke exposure at home in California.
  Tobacco control 2014 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Who purchases cigarettes from cheaper sources in China? Findings from the ITC China Survey.
  Tobacco control 2013 Yao T, Huang J, Sung HY, Ong MK, Mao Z, Jiang Y, Fong GT, Max W
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children exposed to secondhand smoke: a logistic regression analysis of secondary data.
  International journal of nursing studies 2012 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Deaths from secondhand smoke exposure in the United States: economic implications.
  American journal of public health 2012 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Validity study of the K6 scale as a measure of moderate mental distress based on mental health treatment need and utilization.
  International journal of methods in psychiatric research 2012 Prochaska JJ, Sung HY, Max W, Shi Y, Ong M
• Secondhand smoke exposure at home in rural China.
  Cancer causes & control : CCC 2012 Yao T, Sung HY, Mao Z, Hu TW, Max W
• The impact of changes in tobacco control funding on healthcare expenditures in California, 2012-2016.
  Tobacco control 2012 Max W, Sung HY, Lightwood J
• Exposure to secondhand smoke at home and at work in California.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2012 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Six climate change-related events in the United States accounted for about $14 billion in lost lives and health costs.
  Health affairs (Project Hope) 2011 Knowlton K, Rotkin-Ellman M, Geballe L, Max W, Solomon GM
• Cigarette smoking and serious psychological distress: a population-based study of California adults.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2011 Sung HY, Prochaska JJ, Ong MK, Shi Y, Max W
• Cost-driven injury prevention: creating an innovative plan to save lives with limited resources.
  The Journal of trauma 2011 Dicker RA, Lopez DS, Pepper MB, Crane I, Max W
• Counting 15 million more poor in India, thanks to tobacco.
  Tobacco control 2011 John RM, Sung HY, Max WB, Ross H
• The cost of smoking for California's Hispanic community.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2011 Max W, Sung HY, Tucker LY, Stark B
• Evaluation of the economic impact of California's Tobacco Control Program: a dynamic model approach.
  Tobacco control 2010 Miller LS, Max W, Sung HY, Rice D, Zaretsky M
• The disproportionate cost of smoking for African Americans in California.
  American journal of public health 2010 Max W, Sung HY, Tucker LY, Stark B
• Who is exposed to secondhand smoke? Self-reported and serum cotinine measured exposure in the U.S., 1999-2006.
  International journal of environmental research and public health 2009 Max W, Sung HY, Shi Y
• Economic cost of tobacco use in India, 2004.
  Tobacco control 2009 John RM, Sung HY, Max W
• The economic burden of breast cancer in California.
  Breast cancer research and treatment 2008 Max W, Sung HY, Stark B
• Economics on trial: the use and abuse of economic methods in third party tobacco litigation.
  Tobacco control 2006 Max W, Tsoukalas T
• The economic burden of smoking in California.
  Tobacco control 2004 Max W, Rice DP, Sung HY, Zhang X, Miller L
• Women's Initiative for Nonsmoking-VII: evaluation of health service utilization and costs among women smokers with cardiovascular disease.
  Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation 2004 Froelicher ES, Sohn M, Max W, Bacchetti P
• The economic toll of intimate partner violence against women in the United States.
  Violence and victims 2004 Max W, Rice DP, Finkelstein E, Bardwell RA, Leadbetter S
• The economic burden of gynecologic cancers in California, 1998.
  Gynecologic oncology 2003 Max W, Rice DP, Sung HY, Michel M, Breuer W, Zhang X
• The economic burden of prostate cancer, California, 1998.
  Cancer 2002 Max W, Rice DP, Sung HY, Michel M, Breuer W, Zhang X
• The burden of osteoporosis in California, 1998.
  Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 2002 Max W, Sinnot P, Kao C, Sung HY, Rice DP
• Cost of smoking to the Medicare program, 1993.
  Health care financing review 1999 Zhang X, Miller L, Max W, Rice DP
• Putting a lid on injury costs: the economic impact of the California motorcycle helmet law.
  The Journal of trauma 1998 Max W, Stark B, Root S
• State estimates of total medical expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking, 1993.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 1998 Miller LS, Zhang X, Rice DP, Max W
• State estimates of Medicaid expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking, fiscal year 1993.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 1998 Miller LS, Zhang X, Novotny T, Rice DP, Max W
• The cost of Alzheimer's disease. Will drug treatment ease the burden?
  PharmacoEconomics 1996 Max W
• The economic costs of cardiovascular disease mortality in California, 1991: implications for public health policy.
  Journal of public health policy 1996 Fox P, Gazzaniga J, Karter A, Max W
• The high cost of injuries in the United States.
  American journal of public health 1996 Rice DP, Max W
• Alzheimer's disease. The unpaid burden of caring.
  Journal of aging and health 1995 Max W, Webber P, Fox P
• Shooting in the dark: estimating the cost of firearm injuries.
  Health affairs (Project Hope) 1993 Max W, Rice DP
• The economic burden of Alzheimer's disease care.
  Health affairs (Project Hope) 1993 Rice DP, Fox PJ, Max W, Webber PA, Lindeman DA, Hauck WW, Segura E
• The lifetime cost of injury.
  Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing 1990 Max W, Rice DP, MacKenzie EJ