Valerie Weaver, PhD
Professor
Surgery
School of Medicine

Education & Training

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• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training University of California 04/2021

Websites

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• Profile at UCSF Cancer Center (cancer.ucsf.edu)

Grants and Projects

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• Tissue mechanics reprograms the tissue to malignancy and metastasis, NIH, 2020-2027
• A physical sciences approach to investigate the role of exosomes in metastatic progression, NIH, 2021-2026
• Targeting the Cancer Glycocalyx, NIH, 2019-2024
• Reorienting the Glioblastoma Microenvironment to Respond to Immunotherapy, NIH, 2019-2024
• Tissue Tension, RANK and Breast Cancer Risk, NIH, 2018-2023
• ECM geometrical and mechanical properties modulate RTK signaling, NIH, 2015-2021
• Tension-Stat3-miR-mediated metastasis, NIH, 2015-2021
• Inside-Out Approaches to Improve Wound Repair by HoxB3, NIH, 2016-2020
• A biophysical stromal basis for radiation sensitivity in ductal carcinoma in situ, NIH, 2014-2020
• Advanced Methods to Evaluate Extracellular Matrix and Crosslinking in the Tumor M, NIH, 2014-2018
• TGF-beta Suppression and Promotion of Mammary Carcinomas, NIH, 2000-2017
• Biophysical and molecular dialogue of glioma cells and the brain microenvironment, NIH, 2011-2016
• 2015 Fibronectin, Integrins & Related Molecules Gordon Research Conference & Gordon Research Seminar, NIH, 2015-2016
• Collagen remodeling and tumor progression, NIH, 2010-2016
• Role of Fibroblasts, Myeloid Cells and Matrix in PDAC, NIH, 2010-2015
• Fundamental Mechanobiology of Tumor Progression, NIH, 2009-2015
• 2013 Fibronectin, Integrins & Related Molecules GRC/GRS, NIH, 2013-2014
• NFkB, tissue polarity and apoptosis resistance, NIH, 2000-2010

Publications (186)

Top publication keywords:
IntegrinsExtracellular MatrixMechanotransduction, CellularEpithelial CellsGlycocalyxBreast NeoplasmsHuman Embryonic Stem CellsNeoplasmsCell DifferentiationCollagenNeoplasm MetastasisCell AdhesionStress, MechanicalMammary Glands, HumanTumor Microenvironment

• Assessing Heterogeneity in the N-Telopeptides of Type I Collagen by Mass Spectrometry.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024 Darula Z, McCabe MC, Barrett A, Schmitt LR, Maslanka MD, Saviola AJ, Orgel J, Burlingame A, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Stenmark K, Weaver V, Chalkley RJ, Hansen KC
• Author Correction: Genotype tunes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue tension to induce matricellular fibrosis and tumor progression.
  Nature medicine 2024 Laklai H, Miroshnikova YA, Pickup MW, Collisson EA, Kim GE, Barrett AS, Hill RC, Lakins JN, Schlaepfer DD, Mouw JK, LeBleu VS, Roy N, Novitskiy SV, Johansen JS, Poli V, Kalluri R, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA…
• Author Correction: Stiff matrix induces exosome secretion to promote tumour growth.
  Nature cell biology 2024 Wu B, Liu DA, Guan L, Myint PK, Chin L, Dang H, Xu Y, Ren J, Li T, Yu Z, Jabban S, Mills GB, Nukpezah J, Chen YH, Furth EE, Gimotty PA, Wells RG, Weaver VM, Radhakrishnan R, Wang XW, Guo W
• Retraction Note: Oncogenic targeting of BRM drives malignancy through C/EBPβ-dependent induction of α5 integrin.
  Oncogene 2024 Damiano L, Stewart KM, Cohet N, Mouw JK, Lakins JN, Debnath J, Reisman D, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN, Weaver VM
• Actomyosin-Mediated Cellular Tension Drives Increased Tissue Stiffness and β-Catenin Activation to Induce Epidermal Hyperplasia and Tumor Growth.
  Cancer cell 2024 Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF

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• Mechanosensitive hormone signaling promotes mammary progenitor expansion and breast cancer risk.
  Cell stem cell 2024 Northey JJ, Hayward MK, Yui Y, Stashko C, Kai F, Mouw JK, Thakar D, Lakins JN, Ironside AJ, Samson S, Mukhtar RA, Hwang ES, Weaver VM
• Expression of Concern: α6β4 integrin activates Rac-dependent p21-activated kinase 1 to drive NF-κB-dependent resistance to apoptosis in 3D mammary acini.
  Journal of cell science 2023 Friedland JC, Lakins JN, Kazanietz MG, Chernoff J, Boettiger D, Weaver VM
• The microenvironment dictates glycocalyx construction and immune surveillance.
  Research square 2023 Tharp KM, Park S, Timblin GA, Richards AL, Berg JA, Twells NM, Riley NM, Peltan EL, Shon DJ, Stevenson E, Tsui K, Palomba F, Lefebvre AEYT, Soens RW, Ayad NME, Hoeve-Scott JT, Healy K, Digman M, …
• Design of a mucin-selective protease for targeted degradation of cancer-associated mucins.
  Nature biotechnology 2023 Pedram K, Shon DJ, Tender GS, Mantuano NR, Northey JJ, Metcalf KJ, Wisnovsky SP, Riley NM, Forcina GC, Malaker SA, Kuo A, George BM, Miller CL, Casey KM, Vilches-Moure JG, Ferracane MJ, Weaver VM, …
• Tissue tension permits β-catenin phosphorylation to drive mesoderm specification in human embryonic stem cells.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Ayad NME, Lakins JN, Ghagre A, Ehrlicher AJ, Weaver VM
• Correction: Metronomic chemotherapy prevents therapy-induced stromal activation and induction of tumor-initiating cells.
  The Journal of experimental medicine 2023 Chan TS, Hsu CC, Pai VC, Liao WY, Huang SS, Tan KT, Yen CJ, Hsu SC, Chen WY, Shan YS, Li CR, Lee MT, Jiang KY, Chu JM, Lien GS, Weaver VM, Tsai KK
• A convolutional neural network STIFMap reveals associations between stromal stiffness and EMT in breast cancer.
  Nature communications 2023 Stashko C, Hayward MK, Northey JJ, Pearson N, Ironside AJ, Lakins JN, Oria R, Goyette MA, Mayo L, Russnes HG, Hwang ES, Kutys ML, Polyak K, Weaver VM
• Uptake of tumor-derived microparticles induces metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the early metastatic lung.
  Cell reports 2023 Kersten K, You R, Liang S, Tharp KM, Pollack J, Weaver VM, Krummel MF, Headley MB
• Author Correction: Tissue mechanics promote IDH1-dependent HIF1α-tenascin C feedback to regulate glioblastoma aggression.
  Nature cell biology 2023 Miroshnikova YA, Mouw JK, Barnes JM, Pickup MW, Lakins JN, Kim Y, Lobo K, Persson AI, Reis GF, McKnight TR, Holland EC, Phillips JJ, Weaver VM
• Correction: Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein LOXL2 Promotes Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer.
  Cancer research 2023 Salvador F, Martin A, López-Menéndez C, Moreno-Bueno G, Santos V, Vázquez-Naharro A, Santamaría PG, Morales S, Dubus PR, Muinelo-Romay L, López-López R, Tung JC, Weaver VM, Portillo F, Cano A
• Stiff matrix induces exosome secretion to promote tumour growth.
  Nature cell biology 2023 Wu B, Liu DA, Guan L, Myint PK, Chin L, Dang H, Xu Y, Ren J, Li T, Yu Z, Jabban S, Mills GB, Nukpezah J, Chen YH, Furth EE, Gimotty PA, Wells RG, Weaver VM, Radhakrishnan R, Wang XW, Guo W
• Programming the Self-Organization of Endothelial Cells into Perfusable Microvasculature.
  Tissue engineering. Part A 2023 Cabral KA, Srivastava V, Graham AJ, Coyle MC, Stashko C, Weaver V, Gartner ZJ
• Extracellular Matrix Glycation and Crosslinking in Mammary Tumor Progression.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2023 Northey JJ, Weaver VM
• Novel cryo-tomography workflow reveals nanometer-scale responses of epithelial cells to matrix stiffness and dimensionality.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2022 Gaietta G, Kai F, Swift MF, Weaver VM, Volkmann N, Hanein D
• Mechanosensitive Steroid Hormone Signaling and Cell Fate.
  Endocrinology 2022 Northey JJ, Weaver VM
• Low lamin A levels enhance confined cell migration and metastatic capacity in breast cancer.
  Oncogene 2022 Bell ES, Shah P, Zuela-Sopilniak N, Kim D, Varlet AA, Morival JLP, McGregor AL, Isermann P, Davidson PM, Elacqua JJ, Lakins JN, Vahdat L, Weaver VM, Smolka MB, Span PN, Lammerding J
• ECM dimensionality tunes actin tension to modulate endoplasmic reticulum function and spheroid phenotypes of mammary epithelial cells.
  The EMBO journal 2022 Kai F, Ou G, Tourdot RW, Stashko C, Gaietta G, Swift MF, Volkmann N, Long AF, Han Y, Huang HH, Northey JJ, Leidal AM, Viasnoff V, Bryant DM, Guo W, Wiita AP, Guo M, Dumont S, Hanein D, Radhakrishnan R…
• Screening of organoids derived from patients with breast cancer implicates the repressor NCOR2 in cytotoxic stress response and antitumor immunity.
  Nature cancer 2022 Tsai KK, Huang SS, Northey JJ, Liao WY, Hsu CC, Cheng LH, Werner ME, Chuu CP, Chatterjee C, Lakins JN, Weaver VM
• Immunosuppressive glycoproteins associate with breast tumor fibrosis and aggression.
  Matrix biology plus 2022 Metcalf KJ, Hayward MK, Berens E, Ironside AJ, Stashko C, Hwang ES, Weaver VM
• NCI's publication affiliation conundrum: Reframing innovation to incentivize an equitable path for advocate representation.
  Translational oncology 2021 Samson S, Northey JJ, Acerbi I, Goga A, Flink CL, Weaver VM, LaBarge MA
• Mechanobiology: forcing the second act.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2021 Weaver VM
• Autophagy in stromal fibroblasts promotes tumor desmoplasia and mammary tumorigenesis.
  Genes & development 2021 Rudnick JA, Monkkonen T, Mar FA, Barnes JM, Starobinets H, Goldsmith J, Roy S, Bustamante Eguiguren S, Weaver VM, Debnath J
• Tissue mechanics in stem cell fate, development, and cancer.
  Developmental cell 2021 Hayward MK, Muncie JM, Weaver VM
• EPH/EPHRIN regulates cellular organization by actomyosin contractility effects on cell contacts.
  The Journal of cell biology 2021 Kindberg AA, Srivastava V, Muncie JM, Weaver VM, Gartner ZJ, Bush JO
• Adhesion-mediated mechanosignaling forces mitohormesis.
  Cell metabolism 2021 Tharp KM, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Timblin GA, Ford B, Garzon-Coral C, Schneider C, Muncie JM, Stashko C, Daniele JR, Moore AS, Frankino PA, Homentcovschi S, Manoli SS, Shao H, Richards AL, Chen KH, Hoeve …
• Single-cell transcriptome analysis defines heterogeneity of the murine pancreatic ductal tree.
  eLife 2021 Hendley AM, Rao AA, Leonhardt L, Ashe S, Smith JA, Giacometti S, Peng XL, Jiang H, Berrios DI, Pawlak M, Li LY, Lee J, Collisson EA, Anderson MS, Fragiadakis GK, Yeh JJ, Ye CJ, Kim GE, Weaver VM, …
• Matrix compliance permits NF-κB activation to drive therapy resistance in breast cancer.
  The Journal of experimental medicine 2021 Drain AP, Zahir N, Northey JJ, Zhang H, Huang PJ, Maller O, Lakins JN, Yu X, Leight JL, Alston-Mills BP, Hwang ES, Chen YY, Park CC, Weaver VM
• Improving DCIS diagnosis and predictive outcome by applying artificial intelligence.
  Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 2021 Hayward MK, Weaver VM
• Leveraging microenvironmental synthetic lethalities to treat cancer.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2021 Metcalf KJ, Alazzeh A, Werb Z, Weaver VM
• Membrane Tension Locks In Pluripotency.
  Cell stem cell 2021 Muncie JM, Weaver VM
• Derivation of a nuclear heterogeneity image index to grade DCIS.
  Computational and structural biotechnology journal 2020 Hayward MK, Louise Jones J, Hall A, King L, Ironside AJ, Nelson AC, Shelley Hwang E, Weaver VM
• Proteoglycans as Mediators of Cancer Tissue Mechanics.
  Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2020 Barkovskaya A, Buffone A, Žídek M, Weaver VM
• Tumour-associated macrophages drive stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stiffening to promote breast cancer aggression.
  Nature materials 2020 Maller O, Drain AP, Barrett AS, Borgquist S, Ruffell B, Zakharevich I, Pham TT, Gruosso T, Kuasne H, Lakins JN, Acerbi I, Barnes JM, Nemkov T, Chauhan A, Gruenberg J, Nasir A, Bjarnadottir O, Werb Z, …
• Mechanical Tension Promotes Formation of Gastrulation-like Nodes and Patterns Mesoderm Specification in Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
  Developmental cell 2020 Muncie JM, Ayad NME, Lakins JN, Xue X, Fu J, Weaver VM
• Stiff stroma increases breast cancer risk by inducing the oncogene ZNF217.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Northey JJ, Barrett AS, Acerbi I, Hayward MK, Talamantes S, Dean IS, Mouw JK, Ponik SM, Lakins JN, Huang PJ, Wu J, Shi Q, Samson S, Keely PJ, Mukhtar RA, Liphardt JT, Shepherd JA, Hwang ES, Chen YY, …
• Zena Werb (1945-2020): Mourning the loss of a tissue microenvironment icon.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2020 Weaver VM, Bissell MJ
• In Memoriam - Zena Werb 1945-2020.
  Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 2020 Barcellos-Hoff MH, Weaver VM
• Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression is restrained by stromal matrix.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Jiang H, Torphy RJ, Steiger K, Hongo H, Ritchie AJ, Kriegsmann M, Horst D, Umetsu SE, Joseph NM, McGregor K, Pishvaian MJ, Blais EM, Lu B, Li M, Hollingsworth M, Stashko C, Volmar K, Yeh JJ, Weaver VM…
• Targeting acid ceramidase inhibits YAP/TAZ signaling to reduce fibrosis in mice.
  Science translational medicine 2020 Alsamman S, Christenson SA, Yu A, Ayad NME, Mooring MS, Segal JM, Hu JK, Schaub JR, Ho SS, Rao V, Marlow MM, Turner SM, Sedki M, Pantano L, Ghoshal S, Ferreira DDS, Ma HY, Duwaerts CC, Espanol-Suner R…
• Zena Werb 1945-2020.
  Nature cancer 2020 Egeblad M, Coussens LM, Weaver VM
• Fibrosis and cancer: A strained relationship.
  Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 2020 Piersma B, Hayward MK, Weaver VM
• Tension in tumour cells keeps metabolism high.
  Nature 2020 Ayad NME, Weaver VM
• A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
  Nature reviews. Cancer 2020 Sahai E, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E, DeNardo DG, Egeblad M, Evans RM, Fearon D, Greten FR, Hingorani SR, Hunter T, Hynes RO, Jain RK, Janowitz T, Jorgensen C, Kimmelman AC, Kolonin MG, Maki RG, Powers …
• Don't sugarcoat it: How glycocalyx composition influences cancer progression.
  The Journal of cell biology 2020 Buffone A, Weaver VM
• Patterning the Geometry of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies on Compliant Substrates to Control Tissue-Level Mechanics.
  Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2019 Muncie JM, Falcón-Banchs R, Lakins JN, Sohn LL, Weaver VM
• Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells.
  Nature 2019 Zheng Y, Xue X, Shao Y, Wang S, Esfahani SN, Li Z, Muncie JM, Lakins JN, Weaver VM, Gumucio DL, Fu J
• Wnt4 from the Niche Controls the Mechano-Properties and Quiescent State of Muscle Stem Cells.
  Cell stem cell 2019 Eliazer S, Muncie JM, Christensen J, Sun X, D'Urso RS, Weaver VM, Brack AS
• Tissue mechanics, an important regulator of development and disease.
  Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 2019 Ayad NME, Kaushik S, Weaver VM
• The Extracellular Matrix Modulates the Metastatic Journey.
  Developmental cell 2019 Kai F, Drain AP, Weaver VM
• Spatiotemporal mosaic self-patterning of pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR interference.
  eLife 2018 Libby AR, Joy DA, So PL, Mandegar MA, Muncie JM, Mendoza-Camacho FN, Weaver VM, Conklin BR, McDevitt TC
• A tension-mediated glycocalyx-integrin feedback loop promotes mesenchymal-like glioblastoma.
  Nature cell biology 2018 Barnes JM, Kaushik S, Bainer RO, Sa JK, Woods EC, Kai F, Przybyla L, Lee M, Lee HW, Tung JC, Maller O, Barrett AS, Lu KV, Lakins JN, Hansen KC, Obernier K, Alvarez-Buylla A, Bergers G, Phillips JJ, …
• Modeling Tissue Polarity in Context.
  Journal of molecular biology 2018 Tharp KM, Weaver VM
• Fibronectin rescues estrogen receptor α from lysosomal degradation in breast cancer cells.
  The Journal of cell biology 2018 Sampayo RG, Toscani AM, Rubashkin MG, Thi K, Masullo LA, Violi IL, Lakins JN, Cáceres A, Hines WC, Coluccio Leskow F, Stefani FD, Chialvo DR, Bissell MJ, Weaver VM, Simian M
• Compartment resolved proteomics reveals a dynamic matrisome in a biomechanically driven model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
  Journal of immunology and regenerative medicine 2018 Barrett AS, Maller O, Pickup MW, Weaver VM, Hansen KC
• The Physical and Biochemical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix Regulate Cell Fate.
  Current topics in developmental biology 2018 Muncie JM, Weaver VM
• New Horizons in Advocacy Engaged Physical Sciences and Oncology Research.
  Trends in cancer 2018 Samson S, Northey JJ, Plaks V, Baas C, Dean I, LaBarge MA, Goga A, Van't Veer LJ, Weaver VM
• Feeling Stress: The Mechanics of Cancer Progression and Aggression.
  Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 2018 Northcott JM, Dean IS, Mouw JK, Weaver VM
• Antisecretory Factor-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Volume Dynamics Produces Antitumor Activity in Glioblastoma.
  Molecular cancer research : MCR 2018 Ilkhanizadeh S, Sabelström H, Miroshnikova YA, Frantz A, Zhu W, Idilli A, Lakins JN, Schmidt C, Quigley DA, Fenster T, Yuan E, Trzeciak JR, Saxena S, Lindberg OR, Mouw JK, Burdick JA, Magnitsky S, …
• Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) ablation promotes tissue fibrosis and hypoxia to induce aggressive basal-like breast cancers.
  Genes & development 2018 Takai K, Drain AP, Lawson DA, Littlepage LE, Karpuj M, Kessenbrock K, Le A, Inoue K, Weaver VM, Werb Z
• Excess area dependent scaling behavior of nano-sized membrane tethers.
  Physical biology 2018 Ramakrishnan N, Sreeja KK, Roychoudhury A, Eckmann DM, Ayyaswamy PS, Baumgart T, Pucadyil T, Patil S, Weaver VM, Radhakrishnan R
• A bulky glycocalyx fosters metastasis formation by promoting G1 cell cycle progression.
  eLife 2017 Woods EC, Kai F, Barnes JM, Pedram K, Pickup MW, Hollander MJ, Weaver VM, Bertozzi CR
• Tissue Force Programs Cell Fate and Tumor Aggression.
  Cancer discovery 2017 Northey JJ, Przybyla L, Weaver VM
• α5β1-Integrin promotes tension-dependent mammary epithelial cell invasion by engaging the fibronectin synergy site.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2017 Miroshnikova YA, Rozenberg GI, Cassereau L, Pickup M, Mouw JK, Ou G, Templeman KL, Hannachi EI, Gooch KJ, Sarang-Sieminski AL, García AJ, Weaver VM
• Development of Aggressive Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas Depends on Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Secretion in Carcinoma Cells.
  Cancer immunology research 2017 Pickup MW, Owens P, Gorska AE, Chytil A, Ye F, Shi C, Weaver VM, Kalluri R, Moses HL, Novitskiy SV
• Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein LOXL2 Promotes Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer.
  Cancer research 2017 Salvador F, Martin A, López-Menéndez C, Moreno-Bueno G, Santos V, Vázquez-Naharro A, Santamaria PG, Morales S, Dubus PR, Muinelo-Romay L, López-López R, Tung JC, Weaver VM, Portillo F, Cano A
• Cell and tissue mechanics: the new cell biology frontier.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2017 Weaver VM
• Visualizing dynamic microvillar search and stabilization during ligand detection by T cells.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2017 Cai E, Marchuk K, Beemiller P, Beppler C, Rubashkin MG, Weaver VM, Gérard A, Liu TL, Chen BC, Betzig E, Bartumeus F, Krummel MF
• Physical and Chemical Gradients in the Tumor Microenvironment Regulate Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration, and Metastasis.
  Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 2017 Oudin MJ, Weaver VM
• Comprehensive characterization of DNA methylation changes in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.
  PloS one 2017 Khuc E, Bainer R, Wolf M, Clay SM, Weisenberger DJ, Kemmer J, Weaver VM, Hwang DG, Chan MF
• Integrin-mediated traction force enhances paxillin molecular associations and adhesion dynamics that increase the invasiveness of tumor cells into a three-dimensional extracellular matrix.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2017 Mekhdjian AH, Kai F, Rubashkin MG, Prahl LS, Przybyla LM, McGregor AL, Bell ES, Barnes JM, DuFort CC, Ou G, Chang AC, Cassereau L, Tan SJ, Pickup MW, Lakins JN, Ye X, Davidson MW, Lammerding J, Odde …
• Tissue mechanics regulate brain development, homeostasis and disease.
  Journal of cell science 2017 Barnes JM, Przybyla L, Weaver VM
• Force-dependent breaching of the basement membrane.
  Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology 2016 Chang TT, Thakar D, Weaver VM
• Targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts as a treatment in triple-negative breast cancer.
  Oncotarget 2016 Takai K, Le A, Weaver VM, Werb Z
• From transformation to metastasis: deconstructing the extracellular matrix in breast cancer.
  Cancer metastasis reviews 2016 Kaushik S, Pickup MW, Weaver VM
• Metronomic chemotherapy prevents therapy-induced stromal activation and induction of tumor-initiating cells.
  The Journal of experimental medicine 2016 Chan TS, Hsu CC, Pai VC, Liao WY, Huang SS, Tan KT, Yen CJ, Hsu SC, Chen WY, Shan YS, Li CR, Lee MT, Jiang KY, Chu JM, Lien GS, Weaver VM, Tsai KK
• Tissue mechanics promote IDH1-dependent HIF1α-tenascin C feedback to regulate glioblastoma aggression.
  Nature cell biology 2016 Miroshnikova YA, Mouw JK, Barnes JM, Pickup MW, Lakins JN, Kim Y, Lobo K, Persson AI, Reis GF, McKnight TR, Holland EC, Phillips JJ, Weaver VM
• Cellular adaptation to biomechanical stress across length scales in tissue homeostasis and disease.
  Seminars in cell & developmental biology 2016 Gilbert PM, Weaver VM
• Tissue Mechanics Orchestrate Wnt-Dependent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.
  Cell stem cell 2016 Przybyla L, Lakins JN, Weaver VM
• Visualizing mechanical modulation of nanoscale organization of cell-matrix adhesions.
  Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro 2016 Ou G, Thakar D, Tung JC, Miroshnikova YA, Dufort CC, Gutierrez E, Groisman A, Weaver VM
• Mechanical Control of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Cancer.
  Annual review of cell and developmental biology 2016 Przybyla L, Muncie JM, Weaver VM
• Site-Specific Modulation of Charge Controls the Structure and Stimulus Responsiveness of Intrinsically Disordered Peptide Brushes.
  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 2016 Bhagawati M, Rubashkin MG, Lee JP, Ananthanarayanan B, Weaver VM, Kumar S
• Genotype tunes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue tension to induce matricellular fibrosis and tumor progression.
  Nature medicine 2016 Laklai H, Miroshnikova YA, Pickup MW, Collisson EA, Kim GE, Barrett AS, Hill RC, Lakins JN, Schlaepfer DD, Mouw JK, LeBleu VS, Roy N, Novitskiy SV, Johansen JS, Poli V, Kalluri R, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA…
• Force Matters: Biomechanical Regulation of Cell Invasion and Migration in Disease.
  Trends in cell biology 2016 Kai F, Laklai H, Weaver VM
• Loss of miR-203 regulates cell shape and matrix adhesion through ROBO1/Rac/FAK in response to stiffness.
  The Journal of cell biology 2016 Le LT, Cazares O, Mouw JK, Chatterjee S, Macias H, Moran A, Ramos J, Keely PJ, Weaver VM, Hinck L
• Physiological ranges of matrix rigidity modulate primary mouse hepatocyte function in part through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha.
  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2016 Desai SS, Tung JC, Zhou VX, Grenert JP, Malato Y, Rezvani M, Español-Suñer R, Willenbring H, Weaver VM, Chang TT
• Depletion of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis Induces Immunosuppression and Accelerates Pancreas Cancer with Reduced Survival.
  Cancer cell 2015 Özdemir BC, Pentcheva-Hoang T, Carstens JL, Zheng X, Wu CC, Simpson TR, Laklai H, Sugimoto H, Kahlert C, Novitskiy SV, De Jesus-Acosta A, Sharma P, Heidari P, Mahmood U, Chin L, Moses HL, Weaver VM, …
• Tumor-induced solid stress activates β-catenin signaling to drive malignant behavior in normal, tumor-adjacent cells.
  BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology 2015 Ou G, Weaver VM
• Microenvironment rigidity modulates responses to the HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib via YAP and TAZ transcription factors.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2015 Lin CH, Pelissier FA, Zhang H, Lakins J, Weaver VM, Park C, LaBarge MA
• Monitoring developmental force distributions in reconstituted embryonic epithelia.
  Methods (San Diego, Calif.) 2015 Przybyla L, Lakins JN, Sunyer R, Trepat X, Weaver VM
• STAT3 Blockade Inhibits Radiation-Induced Malignant Progression in Glioma.
  Cancer research 2015 Lau J, Ilkhanizadeh S, Wang S, Miroshnikova YA, Salvatierra NA, Wong RA, Schmidt C, Weaver VM, Weiss WA, Persson AI
• Human breast cancer invasion and aggression correlates with ECM stiffening and immune cell infiltration.
  Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro 2015 Acerbi I, Cassereau L, Dean I, Shi Q, Au A, Park C, Chen YY, Liphardt J, Hwang ES, Weaver VM
• Fighting the force: Potential of homeobox genes for tumor microenvironment regulation.
  Biochimica et biophysica acta 2015 Northcott JM, Northey JJ, Barnes JM, Weaver VM
• Tumor mechanics and metabolic dysfunction.
  Free radical biology & medicine 2014 Tung JC, Barnes JM, Desai SR, Sistrunk C, Conklin MW, Schedin P, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ, Seewaldt VL, Weaver VM
• A 3D tension bioreactor platform to study the interplay between ECM stiffness and tumor phenotype.
  Journal of biotechnology 2014 Cassereau L, Miroshnikova YA, Ou G, Lakins J, Weaver VM
• The extracellular matrix modulates the hallmarks of cancer.
  EMBO reports 2014 Pickup MW, Mouw JK, Weaver VM
• Extracellular matrix assembly: a multiscale deconstruction.
  Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology 2014 Mouw JK, Ou G, Weaver VM
• The microenvironment matters.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2014 Weaver VM
• Force engages vinculin and promotes tumor progression by enhancing PI3K activation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate.
  Cancer research 2014 Rubashkin MG, Cassereau L, Bainer R, DuFort CC, Yui Y, Ou G, Paszek MJ, Davidson MW, Chen YY, Weaver VM
• Multicellular architecture of malignant breast epithelia influences mechanics.
  PloS one 2014 Venugopalan G, Camarillo DB, Webster KD, Reber CD, Sethian JA, Weaver VM, Fletcher DA, El-Samad H, Rycroft CH
• The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival.
  Nature 2014 Paszek MJ, DuFort CC, Rossier O, Bainer R, Mouw JK, Godula K, Hudak JE, Lakins JN, Wijekoon AC, Cassereau L, Rubashkin MG, Magbanua MJ, Thorn KS, Davidson MW, Rugo HS, Park JW, Hammer DA, Giannone G, …
• Depletion of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and fibrosis induces immunosuppression and accelerates pancreas cancer with reduced survival.
  Cancer cell 2014 Özdemir BC, Pentcheva-Hoang T, Carstens JL, Zheng X, Wu CC, Simpson TR, Laklai H, Sugimoto H, Kahlert C, Novitskiy SV, De Jesus-Acosta A, Sharma P, Heidari P, Mahmood U, Chin L, Moses HL, Weaver VM, …
• Understanding tissue context influences on intratumour heterogeneity.
  Nature cell biology 2014 Michor F, Weaver VM
• Deconstructing signaling in three dimensions.
  Biochemistry 2014 Rubashkin MG, Ou G, Weaver VM
• Tissue mechanics modulate microRNA-dependent PTEN expression to regulate malignant progression.
  Nature medicine 2014 Mouw JK, Yui Y, Damiano L, Bainer RO, Lakins JN, Acerbi I, Ou G, Wijekoon AC, Levental KR, Gilbert PM, Hwang ES, Chen YY, Weaver VM
• Rapid disorganization of mechanically interacting systems of mammary acini.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013 Shi Q, Ghosh RP, Engelke H, Rycroft CH, Cassereau L, Sethian JA, Weaver VM, Liphardt JT
• Cell biology. Strength under tension.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2013 Bainer R, Weaver V
• Stromally derived lysyl oxidase promotes metastasis of transforming growth factor-β-deficient mouse mammary carcinomas.
  Cancer research 2013 Pickup MW, Laklai H, Acerbi I, Owens P, Gorska AE, Chytil A, Aakre M, Weaver VM, Moses HL
• Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer.
  Journal of cell science 2013 Maller O, Hansen KC, Lyons TR, Acerbi I, Weaver VM, Prekeris R, Tan AC, Schedin P
• Oncogenic targeting of BRM drives malignancy through C/EBPβ-dependent induction of α5 integrin.
  Oncogene 2013 Damiano L, Stewart KM, Cohet N, Mouw JK, Lakins JN, Debnath J, Reisman D, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN, Weaver VM
• YAP forces fibroblasts to feel the tension.
  Nature cell biology 2013 Maller O, DuFort CC, Weaver VM
• MT1-MMP-dependent control of skeletal stem cell commitment via a β1-integrin/YAP/TAZ signaling axis.
  Developmental cell 2013 Tang Y, Rowe RG, Botvinick EL, Kurup A, Putnam AJ, Seiki M, Weaver VM, Keller ET, Goldstein S, Dai J, Begun D, Saunders T, Weiss SJ
• A physical sciences network characterization of non-tumorigenic and metastatic cells.
  Scientific reports 2013 Physical Sciences - Oncology Centers Network, Agus DB, Alexander JF, Arap W, Ashili S, Aslan JE, Austin RH, Backman V, Bethel KJ, Bonneau R, Chen WC, Chen-Tanyolac C, Choi NC, Curley SA, Dallas M, …
• Molecular profiling of prostatic acinar morphogenesis identifies PDCD4 and KLF6 as tissue architecture-specific prognostic markers in prostate cancer.
  The American journal of pathology 2012 Li CR, Su JJ, Wang WY, Lee MT, Wang TY, Jiang KY, Li CF, Hsu JM, Chen CK, Chen M, Jiang SS, Weaver VM, Tsai KK
• Scanning angle interference microscopy reveals cell dynamics at the nanoscale.
  Nature methods 2012 Paszek MJ, DuFort CC, Rubashkin MG, Davidson MW, Thorn KS, Liphardt JT, Weaver VM
• Morphogenesis: Laying down the tracks.
  Nature materials 2012 Cassereau L, DuFort CC, Weaver VM
• The extracellular matrix: a dynamic niche in cancer progression.
  The Journal of cell biology 2012 Lu P, Weaver VM, Werb Z
• Exploring the link between human embryonic stem cell organization and fate using tension-calibrated extracellular matrix functionalized polyacrylamide gels.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2012 Lakins JN, Chin AR, Weaver VM
• Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease.
  Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2011 Lu P, Takai K, Weaver VM, Werb Z
• In situ force mapping of mammary gland transformation.
  Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro 2011 Lopez JI, Kang I, You WK, McDonald DM, Weaver VM
• Actomyosin-mediated cellular tension drives increased tissue stiffness and β-catenin activation to induce epidermal hyperplasia and tumor growth.
  Cancer cell 2011 Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF
• Valerie Weaver: overcoming cancer's stiff resistance. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick.
  The Journal of cell biology 2011 Weaver V
• Balancing forces: architectural control of mechanotransduction.
  Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology 2011 DuFort CC, Paszek MJ, Weaver VM
• Tumor microenvironment and progression.
  Journal of surgical oncology 2011 Dvorak HF, Weaver VM, Tlsty TD, Bergers G
• Engineering strategies to recapitulate epithelial morphogenesis within synthetic three-dimensional extracellular matrix with tunable mechanical properties.
  Physical biology 2011 Miroshnikova YA, Jorgens DM, Spirio L, Auer M, Sarang-Sieminski AL, Weaver VM
• The extracellular matrix at a glance.
  Journal of cell science 2010 Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM
• Effect of substrate stiffness and PDGF on the behavior of vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for atherosclerosis.
  Journal of cellular physiology 2010 Brown XQ, Bartolak-Suki E, Williams C, Walker ML, Weaver VM, Wong JY
• Forcing form and function: biomechanical regulation of tumor evolution.
  Trends in cell biology 2010 Yu H, Mouw JK, Weaver VM
• Dynamic interplay between the collagen scaffold and tumor evolution.
  Current opinion in cell biology 2010 Egeblad M, Rasch MG, Weaver VM
• SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme ATPases promote cell proliferation in normal mammary epithelial cells.
  Journal of cellular physiology 2010 Cohet N, Stewart KM, Mudhasani R, Asirvatham AJ, Mallappa C, Imbalzano KM, Weaver VM, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA
• HOXA9 regulates BRCA1 expression to modulate human breast tumor phenotype.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2010 Gilbert PM, Mouw JK, Unger MA, Lakins JN, Gbegnon MK, Clemmer VB, Benezra M, Licht JD, Boudreau NJ, Tsai KK, Welm AL, Feldman MD, Weber BL, Weaver VM
• Biophysics. Enforcing order on signaling.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2010 Paszek M, Weaver V
• Integrin clustering is driven by mechanical resistance from the glycocalyx and the substrate.
  PLoS computational biology 2009 Paszek MJ, Boettiger D, Weaver VM, Hammer DA
• Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling.
  Cell 2009 Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, Lakins JN, Egeblad M, Erler JT, Fong SF, Csiszar K, Giaccia A, Weninger W, Yamauchi M, Gasser DL, Weaver VM
• Mechanics, malignancy, and metastasis: the force journey of a tumor cell.
  Cancer metastasis reviews 2009 Kumar S, Weaver VM
• Filamin A-beta1 integrin complex tunes epithelial cell response to matrix tension.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2009 Gehler S, Baldassarre M, Lad Y, Leight JL, Wozniak MA, Riching KM, Eliceiri KW, Weaver VM, Calderwood DA, Keely PJ
• The tissue diagnostic instrument.
  The Review of scientific instruments 2009 Hansma P, Yu H, Schultz D, Rodriguez A, Yurtsev EA, Orr J, Tang S, Miller J, Wallace J, Zok F, Li C, Souza R, Proctor A, Brimer D, Nogues-Solan X, Mellbovsky L, Peña MJ, Diez-Ferrer O, Mathews P, …
• Multiscale modeling of form and function.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2009 Engler AJ, Humbert PO, Wehrle-Haller B, Weaver VM
• CpG island tumor suppressor promoter methylation in non-BRCA-associated early mammary carcinogenesis.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2009 Vasilatos SN, Broadwater G, Barry WT, Baker JC, Lem S, Dietze EC, Bean GR, Bryson AD, Pilie PG, Goldenberg V, Skaar D, Paisie C, Torres-Hernandez A, Grant TL, Wilke LG, Ibarra-Drendall C, Ostrander JH…
• A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.
  Nature reviews. Cancer 2009 Butcher DT, Alliston T, Weaver VM
• Biomechanical regulation of cell orientation and fate.
  Oncogene 2008 Lopez JI, Mouw JK, Weaver VM
• Three-dimensional context regulation of metastasis.
  Clinical & experimental metastasis 2008 Erler JT, Weaver VM
• A human breast cell model of preinvasive to invasive transition.
  Cancer research 2008 Rizki A, Weaver VM, Lee SY, Rozenberg GI, Chin K, Myers CA, Bascom JL, Mott JD, Semeiks JR, Grate LR, Mian IS, Borowsky AD, Jensen RA, Idowu MO, Chen F, Chen DJ, Petersen OW, Gray JW, Bissell MJ
• Rac-dependent cyclin D1 gene expression regulated by cadherin- and integrin-mediated adhesion.
  Journal of cell science 2008 Fournier AK, Campbell LE, Castagnino P, Liu WF, Chung BM, Weaver VM, Chen CS, Assoian RK
• Integrin-mediated signalling through the MAP-kinase pathway.
  IET systems biology 2008 Yee KL, Weaver VM, Hammer DA
• Modeling morphogenesis and oncogenesis in three-dimensional breast epithelial cultures.
  Annual review of pathology 2008 Hebner C, Weaver VM, Debnath J
• alpha6beta4 integrin activates Rac-dependent p21-activated kinase 1 to drive NF-kappaB-dependent resistance to apoptosis in 3D mammary acini.
  Journal of cell science 2007 Friedland JC, Lakins JN, Kazanietz MG, Chernoff J, Boettiger D, Weaver VM
• G'rab'bing the microenvironment for invasion.
  Developmental cell 2007 Weaver V, Werb Z
• Mammary epithelial cell: influence of extracellular matrix composition and organization during development and tumorigenesis.
  The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 2007 Kass L, Erler JT, Dembo M, Weaver VM
• Demystifying the effects of a three-dimensional microenvironment in tissue morphogenesis.
  Methods in cell biology 2007 Johnson KR, Leight JL, Weaver VM
• The ultrastructure of MCF-10A acini.
  Journal of cellular physiology 2006 Underwood JM, Imbalzano KM, Weaver VM, Fischer AH, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA
• Forcing the third dimension.
  Cell 2006 Boudreau N, Weaver V
• Analysis of protein expression during oxidative stress in breast epithelial cells using a stable isotope labeled proteome internal standard.
  Journal of proteome research 2005 Yan Y, Weaver VM, Blair IA
• Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype.
  Cancer cell 2005 Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, Lakins JN, Rozenberg GI, Gefen A, Reinhart-King CA, Margulies SS, Dembo M, Boettiger D, Hammer DA, Weaver VM
• Rac-GAP-dependent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation by {beta}2-chimerin.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2005 Yang C, Liu Y, Leskow FC, Weaver VM, Kazanietz MG
• Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates alphavbeta3 integrin cell surface expression.
  Molecular biology of the cell 2005 Cowden Dahl KD, Robertson SE, Weaver VM, Simon MC
• Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion.
  Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 2005 Yeung T, Georges PC, Flanagan LA, Marg B, Ortiz M, Funaki M, Zahir N, Ming W, Weaver V, Janmey PA
• The tension mounts: mechanics meets morphogenesis and malignancy.
  Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 2004 Paszek MJ, Weaver VM
• Watch thy neighbor: cancer is a communal affair.
  Journal of cell science 2004 Weaver VM, Gilbert P
• Death in the third dimension: apoptosis regulation and tissue architecture.
  Current opinion in genetics & development 2004 Zahir N, Weaver VM
• Autocrine laminin-5 ligates alpha6beta4 integrin and activates RAC and NFkappaB to mediate anchorage-independent survival of mammary tumors.
  The Journal of cell biology 2003 Zahir N, Lakins JN, Russell A, Ming W, Chatterjee C, Rozenberg GI, Marinkovich MP, Weaver VM
• Alpha 6 beta 4 integrin regulates keratinocyte chemotaxis through differential GTPase activation and antagonism of alpha 3 beta 1 integrin.
  Journal of cell science 2003 Russell AJ, Fincher EF, Millman L, Smith R, Vela V, Waterman EA, Dey CN, Guide S, Weaver VM, Marinkovich MP
• The tissue microenvironment as an epigenetic tumor modifier.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2003 Unger M, Weaver VM
• The organizing principle: microenvironmental influences in the normal and malignant breast.
  Differentiation; research in biological diversity 2002 Bissell MJ, Radisky DC, Rizki A, Weaver VM, Petersen OW
• Membrane-associated MMP regulators: novel cell adhesion tumor suppressor proteins?
  Developmental cell 2002 Weaver VM
• Tumour-stromal interactions. Integrins and cell adhesions as modulators of mammary cell survival and transformation.
  Breast cancer research : BCR 2001 Chrenek MA, Wong P, Weaver VM
• Lack of specificity of trans,trans-muconic acid as a benzene biomarker after ingestion of sorbic acid-preserved foods.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2000 Weaver VM, Buckley T, Groopman JD
• E7-transduced human breast epithelial cells show partial differentiation in three-dimensional culture.
  Cancer research 1999 Spancake KM, Anderson CB, Weaver VM, Matsunami N, Bissell MJ, White RL
• Constitutive expression of Heregulin induces apoptosis in an erbB-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell line SKBr-3.
  International journal of oncology 1999 Guerra-Vladusic FK, Scott G, Weaver V, Vladusic EA, Tsai MS, Benz CC, Lupu R
• Functional culture models to study mechanisms governing apoptosis in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells.
  Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 1999 Weaver VM, Bissell MJ
• Tissue structure, nuclear organization, and gene expression in normal and malignant breast.
  Cancer research 1999 Bissell MJ, Weaver VM, Lelièvre SA, Wang F, Petersen OW, Schmeichel KL
• Reciprocal interactions between beta1-integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor in three-dimensional basement membrane breast cultures: a different perspective in epithelial biology.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 Wang F, Weaver VM, Petersen OW, Larabell CA, Dedhar S, Briand P, Lupu R, Bissell MJ
• Tissue phenotype depends on reciprocal interactions between the extracellular matrix and the structural organization of the nucleus.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 Lelièvre SA, Weaver VM, Nickerson JA, Larabell CA, Bhaumik A, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ
• Structural cues from the tissue microenvironment are essential determinants of the human mammary epithelial cell phenotype.
  Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 1998 Schmeichel KL, Weaver VM, Bissell MJ
• Differentiation and cancer in the mammary gland: shedding light on an old dichotomy.
  Advances in cancer research 1998 Petersen OW, Rønnov-Jessen L, Weaver VM, Bissell MJ
• Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies.
  The Journal of cell biology 1997 Weaver VM, Petersen OW, Wang F, Larabell CA, Briand P, Damsky C, Bissell MJ
• Extracellular matrix: the central regulator of cell and tissue homeostasis.
  Trends in cell biology 1997 Weaver VM, Roskelley CD
• Degradation of nuclear matrix and DNA cleavage in apoptotic thymocytes.
  Journal of cell science 1996 Weaver VM, Carson CE, Walker PR, Chaly N, Lach B, Raymond Y, Brown DL, Sikorska M
• Extracellular matrix signaling from the cellular membrane skeleton to the nuclear skeleton: a model of gene regulation.
  Recent progress in hormone research 1996 Lelièvre S, Weaver VM, Bissell MJ
• The importance of the microenvironment in breast cancer progression: recapitulation of mammary tumorigenesis using a unique human mammary epithelial cell model and a three-dimensional culture assay.
  Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 1996 Weaver VM, Fischer AH, Peterson OW, Bissell MJ
• The development of a functionally relevant cell culture model of progressive human breast cancer.
  Seminars in cancer biology 1995 Weaver VM, Howlett AR, Langton-Webster B, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ
• Role of proteolysis in apoptosis: involvement of serine proteases in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in immature thymocytes.
  Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 1993 Weaver VM, Lach B, Walker PR, Sikorska M