Steven Cheung, MD
Professor
Otolaryngology
School of Medicine

Dr. Cheung has research interests in hearing loss, tinnitus and other sensory phantoms, laryngopharyngeal sensorimotor function, sensory rehabilitation, and neuroprostheses. Dr. Cheung has delivered over 100 presentations internationally and nationally, published over 100 articles, and served as a scientific reviewer for leading neuroscience and clinical journals.

Specialty: Otologist or ear specialist.

Expertise: Acoustic neuroma, eardrum perforation, meningioma, and otosclerosis.

Professional Interests: Acoustic neuroma, auditory cortex, basal ganglia, brain stimulation, brain imaging, cancer survivorship, complex medical decision making, conjoint analysis, hearing loss, meningioma, neuroprostheses, otosclerosis, skull base surgery, and tinnitus.

Education and Training:

• Medical School: University of Pennsylvania, PA
• Internship: University of California, San Francisco – General Surgery
• Residency: University of California, San Francisco – General Surgery
• Residency: University of California, San Francisco – Otolaryngology – HNS
• Fellowship: University of California, San Francisco – Skull Base Surgery
• Postdoctoral: University of California, San Francisco – Neurophysiology
• Diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners
• California Medical License
• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Basic Life Support Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Diplomate of the American Board of Otolaryngology
• Subspecialty Certification in Neurotology

Awards and Honors:

• 1983 Phi Beta Kappa, Dartmouth College
• 1983 Haseltine Chemistry-Physics Prize, Dartmouth College
• 1997 Roger Boles, M.D. Teaching Award
• 2001 Francis A. Sooy, M.D. Clinical Excellence Award
• 2003 Roger Boles, M.D. Teaching Award
• 2004 Roger Boles, M.D. Teaching Award
• 2005 Edmund Prince Fowler Award for Basic Research, Triological Society
• 2007 Francis A. Sooy, M.D. Clinical Excellence Award
• 2010 Diane D. Ralston, Ph.D. Neurosurgery Teaching Award
• 2014 Francis A. Sooy, M.D. Clinical Excellence Award
• 2015 Roger Boles, M.D. Teaching Award
• 2016 Diane D. Ralston, Ph.D. Neurosurgery Teaching Award
• 2017 Presidential Citation, American Neurotology Society
• 2021 Diane D. Ralston, Ph.D. Neurosurgery Teaching Award
• 2021 UC Academic Senate Mid-Career Leadership Award
• 2023 Diane D. Ralston, Ph.D. Neurosurgery Teaching Award
• 2023 UCSF Academic Senate Distinguished Service Award
• 2023 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Service Award

• Differences in Hearing, Balance, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes in Petroclival Versus Nonpetroclival Posterior Fossa Meningiomas.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2023 Gillard DM, Jiam NT, Morshed RA, Bhutada AS, Crawford ED, Braunstein SW, Sabes JH, Theodosopoulos PV, Cheung SW
• Multi-tasking deep network for tinnitus classification and severity prediction from multimodal structural MR images.
  Journal of neural engineering 2023 Lin CT, Ghosh S, Hinkley LB, Dale CL, Souza ACS, Sabes JH, Hess CP, Adams ME, Cheung SW, Nagarajan SS
• Treated large posterior fossa vestibular schwannoma and meningioma: Hearing outcome and willingness-to-accept brain implant for unilateral deafness.
  Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology 2022 Jiam NT, Gillard DM, Morshed RA, Bhutada AS, Crawford ED, Braunstein SW, Henderson Sabes J, Theodosopoulos PV, Cheung SW
• A Smartphone Application and Education Program for Hearing Health Promotion in High School Teenagers.
  The Laryngoscope 2022 Chang JL, Huwyler C, Yoshida N, Henderson Sabes J, Cheung SW
• Cancer survivors and neurotoxic chemotherapy: hearing loss and tinnitus.
  BMJ supportive & palliative care 2022 Cheung S, Henderson-Sabes J, Mastick J, Abrams G, Snowberg K, Alfaro E, Quinn M, Paul S, Cooper B, Wallhagen M, Conley Y, Levine J, Miaskowski C
• Similarities in the Neuropathy Phenotype of Cancer Survivors Who Received Different Classes of Chemotherapy Drugs.
  The journal of pain 2022 Miaskowski C, Levine JD, Paul SM, Cooper B, Abrams G, Topp K, Cheung S, Henderson-Sabes J, Conley YP, Snowberg K, Alfaro E, Quinn M, Kober KM
• Temporal specificity of abnormal neural oscillations during phonatory events in laryngeal dystonia.
  Brain communications 2022 Kothare H, Schneider S, Mizuiri D, Hinkley L, Bhutada A, Ranasinghe K, Honma S, Garrett C, Klein D, Naunheim M, Yung K, Cheung S, Rosen C, Courey M, Nagarajan S, Houde J
• Striatal networks for tinnitus treatment targeting.
  Human brain mapping 2021 Hinkley LBN, Larson PS, Henderson Sabes J, Mizuiri D, Demopoulos C, Adams ME, Neylan TC, Hess CP, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Interhemispheric Auditory Cortical Synchronization in Asymmetric Hearing Loss.
  Ear and hearing 2021 Chang JL, Crawford ED, Bhutada AS, Henderson Sabes J, Chen J, Cai C, Dale CL, Findlay AM, Mizuiri D, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Posterior petrous face meningiomas presenting with Ménière's-like syndrome: a case series and review of the literature.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2021 Morshed RA, Jiam NT, Wang EJ, Magill ST, Knoll RM, Kozin ED, Theodosopoulos PV, Cheung SW, Sharon JD, McDermott MW
• Aesthesiometer-Based Testing for Laryngopharyngeal Hyposensitivity.
  The Laryngoscope 2021 Strohl MP, David AP, Dwyer CD, Rosen CA, Young VN, Chang JL, Cheung SW
• Laryngeal Adductor Reflex Movement Latency Following Tactile Stimulation.
  Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2021 Strohl MP, Chang JL, Dwyer CD, Young VN, Rosen CA, Cheung SW
• Neuroanatomic Volume Differences in Tinnitus and Hearing Loss.
  The Laryngoscope 2021 Yousef A, Hinkley LB, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Author Correction: Corticostriatal functional connectivity of bothersome tinnitus in single-sided deafness.
  Scientific reports 2021 Henderson-Sabes J, Shang Y, Perez PL, Chang JL, Pross SE, Findlay AM, Mizuiri D, Hinkley LB, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Short-term chemosensory distortions and phantoms in COVID-19.
  Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology 2021 Gurrola JG, Chang JL, Roland LT, Loftus PA, Cheung SW
• Temporal Profile of Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19.
  OTO open 2020 Loftus PA, Roland LT, Gurrola JG, Cheung SW, Chang JL
• Ear Preference and Interaural Threshold Asymmetry.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2020 Chang JL, Huwyler CM, Cueva KL, Henderson-Sabes J, Cheung SW
• Novel Adaptation of a Validated Tactile Aesthesiometer to Evaluate Laryngopharyngeal Sensation.
  The Laryngoscope 2020 Strohl MP, Young VN, Dwyer CD, Bhutada A, Crawford E, Chang JL, Rosen CA, Cheung SW
• Smell and taste symptom-based predictive model for COVID-19 diagnosis.
  International forum of allergy & rhinology 2020 Roland LT, Gurrola JG, Loftus PA, Cheung SW, Chang JL
• Tinnitus Neuroimaging.
  Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2020 Adams ME, Huang TC, Nagarajan S, Cheung SW
• Global resting-state functional connectivity of neural oscillations in tinnitus with and without hearing loss.
  Human brain mapping 2020 Demopoulos C, Duong X, Hinkley LB, Ranasinghe KG, Mizuiri D, Garrett C, Honma S, Henderson-Sabes J, Findlay A, Racine-Belkoura C, Cheung SW, Nagarajan SS
• Residual Tumor Volume and Location Predict Progression After Primary Subtotal Resection of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas: A Retrospective Volumetric Study.
  Neurosurgery 2020 Breshears JD, Morshed RA, Molinaro AM, McDermott MW, Cheung SW, Theodosopoulos PV
• Role of the neurotologist in posterior fossa meningioma surgery.
  Handbook of clinical neurology 2020 Cheung SW, Russell MS, Pross SE
• Corticostriatal functional connectivity of bothersome tinnitus in single-sided deafness.
  Scientific reports 2019 Henderson-Sabes J, Shang Y, Perez PL, Chang JL, Pross SE, Findlay AM, Mizuiri D, Hinkley LB, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Cross-modal plasticity in adult single-sided deafness revealed by alpha band resting-state functional connectivity.
  NeuroImage 2019 Shang Y, Hinkley LB, Cai C, Mizuiri D, Cheung SW, Nagarajan SS
• Phase I trial of caudate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant tinnitus.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2019 Cheung SW, Racine CA, Henderson-Sabes J, Demopoulos C, Molinaro AM, Heath S, Nagarajan SS, Bourne AL, Rietcheck JE, Wang SS, Larson PS
• Cortical-Basal Ganglia-Cerebellar Networks in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: A Pilot Study.
  The Laryngoscope 2019 Perez PL, Cueva KL, Rosen CA, Young VN, Naunheim ML, Yung KC, Schneider SL, Mizuiri D, Klein DJ, Houde JF, Hinkley LB, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Human caudate nucleus subdivisions in tinnitus modulation.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2019 Perez PL, Wang SS, Heath S, Henderson-Sabes J, Mizuiri D, Hinkley LB, Nagarajan SS, Larson PS, Cheung SW
• Contribution of Loss of Large Fiber Function to Pain in 2 Samples of Oncology Patients.
  The Clinical journal of pain 2019 Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Mastick J, Abrams G, Topp K, Smoot B, Kober KM, Chesney M, Schumacher M, Conley YP, Hammer M, Cheung S, Borsook D, Levine JD
• Cortical networks for speech motor control in unilateral vocal fold paralysis.
  The Laryngoscope 2018 Naunheim ML, Yung KC, Schneider SL, Henderson-Sabes J, Kothare H, Hinkley LB, Mizuiri D, Klein DJ, Houde JF, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Vocal motor control and central auditory impairments in unilateral vocal fold paralysis.
  The Laryngoscope 2018 Naunheim ML, Yung KC, Schneider SL, Henderson-Sabes J, Kothare H, Mizuiri D, Klein DJ, Houde JF, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Functional and Structural Brain Plasticity in Adult Onset Single-Sided Deafness.
  Frontiers in human neuroscience 2018 Shang Y, Hinkley LB, Cai C, Subramaniam K, Chang YS, Owen JP, Garrett C, Mizuiri D, Mukherjee P, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Associations Between Perceived Stress and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Otoxicity in Adult Cancer Survivors.
  Journal of pain and symptom management 2018 Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Mastick J, Abrams G, Topp K, Smoot B, Kober KM, Chesney M, Mazor M, Mausisa G, Schumacher M, Conley YP, Sabes JH, Cheung S, Wallhagen M, Levine JD
• Impact of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicities on adult cancer survivors' symptom burden and quality of life.
  Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice 2017 Miaskowski C, Mastick J, Paul SM, Abrams G, Cheung S, Sabes JH, Kober KM, Schumacher M, Conley YP, Topp K, Smoot B, Mausisa G, Mazor M, Wallhagen M, Levine JD
• Hearing loss and tinnitus in survivors with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.
  European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society 2017 Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Mastick J, Schumacher M, Conley YP, Smoot B, Abrams G, Kober KM, Cheung S, Henderson-Sabes J, Chesney M, Mazor M, Wallhagen M, Levine JD
• Surgery After Primary Radiation Treatment for Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas: Case Series.
  Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2017 Breshears JD, Osorio JA, Cheung SW, Barani IJ, Theodosopoulos PV
• Anisomorphic cortical reorganization in asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2017 Cheung SW, Atencio CA, Levy ERJ, Froemke RC, Schreiner CE
• Oral sensory dysfunction following radiotherapy.
  The Laryngoscope 2017 Bearelly S, Wang SJ, Cheung SW
• Sensory Topography of Oral Structures.
  JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2017 Bearelly S, Cheung SW
• TeleAudiology in the Veterans Health Administration.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2016 Pross SE, Bourne AL, Cheung SW
• Spatial plasticity of the auditory cortex in single-sided deafness.
  The Laryngoscope 2016 Chang JL, Pross SE, Findlay AM, Mizuiri D, Henderson-Sabes J, Garrett C, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Increased striatal functional connectivity with auditory cortex in tinnitus.
  Frontiers in human neuroscience 2015 Hinkley LB, Mizuiri D, Hong O, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Tinnitus following treatment for sporadic Acoustic neuroma.
  The Laryngoscope 2015 Overdevest JB, Pross SE, Cheung SW
• Temporal Cortical Plasticity in Single-Sided Deafness: A Functional Imaging Study.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2015 Pross SE, Chang JL, Mizuiri D, Findlay AM, Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW
• Stapedectomy Effects on Tinnitus: Relationship of Change in Loudness to Change in Severity.
  Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2015 Dewyer NA, Kiringoda R, Kram YA, Chang JL, Chang CY, Cheung SW
• Transcanal blind sac closure of the external auditory canal after skull base surgery to treat CSF leak: technique and results.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2015 Kram YA, Lustig LR, McDermott MW, Cheung SW
• Development of a chemoradiation therapy toxicity staging system for oropharyngeal carcinoma.
  The Laryngoscope 2014 Goepfert RP, Yom SS, Ryan WR, Cheung SW
• Tinnitus modulation by stapedectomy.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2014 Chang CY, Cheung SW
• Willingness-to-accept Gamma knife radiosurgery for tinnitus among career San Francisco firefighters.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2014 Pross SE, Allen CA, Hong OS, Cheung SW
• Facial neuroma masquerading as acoustic neuroma.
  Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2014 Sayegh ET, Kaur G, Ivan ME, Bloch O, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Primary auditory cortical responses to electrical stimulation of the thalamus.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2013 Atencio CA, Shih JY, Schreiner CE, Cheung SW
• Erosive cholesterol granuloma.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2013 Shih TY, Prendes BL, Parsa AT, Cheung SW
• A stroke of silence: tinnitus suppression following placement of a deep brain stimulation electrode with infarction in area LC.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2012 Larson PS, Cheung SW
• A spheroid weighted-axis converter of vestibular schwannoma size: maximum diameter and cisternal volume.
  Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2012 Prendes BL, Groppo ER, Reynolds CL, Parsa AT, Cheung SW
• Audiometric asymmetry and tinnitus laterality.
  The Laryngoscope 2012 Tsai BS, Sweetow RW, Cheung SW
• Deep brain stimulation in area LC controllably triggers auditory phantom percepts.
  Neurosurgery 2012 Larson PS, Cheung SW
• Posterior fossa mass with multiple cranial neuropathies.
  Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2011 Garret MA, Parsa AT, Cheung SW
• Spatial organization of repetition rate processing in cat anterior auditory field.
  Hearing research 2011 Imaizumi K, Priebe NJ, Cheung SW, Schreiner CE
• Chorda tympani neuroma.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2010 Huoh KC, Cheung SW
• Encoding of temporal information by timing, rate, and place in cat auditory cortex.
  PloS one 2010 Imaizumi K, Priebe NJ, Sharpee TO, Cheung SW, Schreiner CE
• A comparison of facial nerve disability between patients with Bell's palsy and vestibular schwannoma.
  Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2010 Saito DM, Cheung SW
• A prospective study of hearing preservation in untreated vestibular schwannomas.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2010 Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Kaur R, Barry JJ, Rutkowski MJ, Pitts LH, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• A comprehensive analysis of hearing preservation after radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2010 Yang I, Sughrue ME, Han SJ, Aranda D, Pitts LH, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Mapping clinical outcomes expectations to treatment decisions: an application to vestibular schwannoma management.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2010 Cheung SW, Aranda D, Driscoll CL, Parsa AT
• The natural history of untreated sporadic vestibular schwannomas: a comprehensive review of hearing outcomes.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2010 Sughrue ME, Yang I, Aranda D, Lobo K, Pitts LH, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Radiobiology of vestibular schwannomas: mechanisms of radioresistance and potential targets for therapeutic sensitization.
  Neurosurgical focus 2009 Yeung AH, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Tihan T, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Beyond audiofacial morbidity after vestibular schwannoma surgery.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2009 Sughrue ME, Yang I, Aranda D, Rutkowski MJ, Fang S, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Molecular biology of familial and sporadic vestibular schwannomas: implications for novel therapeutics.
  Journal of neurosurgery 2009 Sughrue ME, Yeung AH, Rutkowski MJ, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Temporal fossa hemangiopericytoma: a case series.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2009 Heiser MA, Waldron JS, Tihan T, Parsa AT, Cheung SW
• Realignment of interaural cortical maps in asymmetric hearing loss.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2009 Cheung SW, Bonham BH, Schreiner CE, Godey B, Copenhaver DA
• Facial nerve preservation after vestibular schwannoma Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
  Journal of neuro-oncology 2009 Yang I, Sughrue ME, Han SJ, Fang S, Aranda D, Cheung SW, Pitts LH, Parsa AT
• Hearing preservation after stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: a systematic review.
  Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2009 Yang I, Aranda D, Han SJ, Chennupati S, Sughrue ME, Cheung SW, Pitts LH, Parsa AT
• Cortical representations of communication sounds.
  Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2008 Heiser MA, Cheung SW
• Optimal placement of recording electrodes for quantifying facial nerve compound muscle action potential.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2008 Guo L, Jasiukaitis P, Pitts LH, Cheung SW
• Fluctuating response of a cystic vestibular schwannoma to radiosurgery: case report.
  Neurosurgery 2008 de Ipolyi AR, Yang I, Buckley A, Barbaro NM, Cheung SW, Parsa AT
• Frequency-modulation encoding in the primary auditory cortex of the awake owl monkey.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2007 Atencio CA, Blake DT, Strata F, Cheung SW, Merzenich MM, Schreiner CE
• Functional organization of squirrel monkey primary auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulation sweeps.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2005 Godey B, Atencio CA, Bonham BH, Schreiner CE, Cheung SW
• Functional organization and hemispheric comparison of primary auditory cortex in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).
  The Journal of comparative neurology 2005 Philibert B, Beitel RE, Nagarajan SS, Bonham BH, Schreiner CE, Cheung SW
• Management of superior canal dehiscence syndrome with extensive skull-base deficiency.
  ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties 2005 Pletcher SD, Oghalai JS, Reeck JB, Cheung SW
• Frequency map variations in squirrel monkey primary auditory cortex.
  The Laryngoscope 2005 Cheung SW
• Plasticity in primary auditory cortex of monkeys with altered vocal production.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2005 Cheung SW, Nagarajan SS, Schreiner CE, Bedenbaugh PH, Wong A
• Reversal of laryngotracheal separation: a detailed case report with long-term followup.
  Dysphagia 2005 Pletcher SD, Mandpe AH, Block MI, Cheung SW
• Modular functional organization of cat anterior auditory field.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2004 Imaizumi K, Priebe NJ, Crum PA, Bedenbaugh PH, Cheung SW, Schreiner CE
• Spatial organization of frequency response areas and rate/level functions in the developing AI.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2003 Bonham BH, Cheung SW, Godey B, Schreiner CE
• Reward-dependent plasticity in the primary auditory cortex of adult monkeys trained to discriminate temporally modulated signals.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003 Beitel RE, Schreiner CE, Cheung SW, Wang X, Merzenich MM
• Syphilis and otolaryngology.
  Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2003 Pletcher SD, Cheung SW
• Distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome after acoustic neuroma surgery.
  Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2002 Hegarty JL, Jackler RK, Rigby PL, Pitts LH, Cheung SW
• Descending projections to the inferior colliculus from the posterior thalamus and the auditory cortex in rat, cat, and monkey.
  Hearing research 2002 Winer JA, Chernock ML, Larue DT, Cheung SW
• Representation of spectral and temporal envelope of twitter vocalizations in common marmoset primary auditory cortex.
  Journal of neurophysiology 2002 Nagarajan SS, Cheung SW, Bedenbaugh P, Beitel RE, Schreiner CE, Merzenich MM
• Sensory representation abnormalities that parallel focal hand dystonia in a primate model.
  Somatosensory & motor research 2002 Blake DT, Byl NN, Cheung S, Bedenbaugh P, Nagarajan S, Lamb M, Merzenich M