Saptarsi Haldar, MD
Clinical Professor
Medicine
School of Medicine

Primary Appointment: In 2018, I was recruited to be a Vice President of Research at Amgen, based in South San Francisco. I am the head of Cardiometabolic Research at Amgen, where I lead multidisciplinary efforts in drug discovery and development for a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. I have maintained visiting faculty appointments at UCSF and Gladstone Institutes, where I continue to participate in mentorship, original research, volunteer clinical service and other academic activities.

Research: I am a Visiting Investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and a Visiting Professor the University of California, San Francisco. My scientific focus is to understand gene-regulatory and epigenetic mechanisms governing cell state transitions in the cardiovascular system and in skeletal muscle with an ultimate goal of finding novel therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat heart failure, cardiometabolic, and myopathic diseases.

A major focus of our team is in the pathobiology of heart failure, a devastating disease for which morbidity and mortality remain extremely high despite current standards of medical care. As a practicing physician-scientist that recognizes this major unmet need, one of my laboratory’s central goals is to discover novel mechanisms underlying heart failure pathogenesis and to develop new therapeutic strategies for this extremely common and lethal condition. We have a deep interest in the very nascent area of cardiovascular epigenetics and seek to unravel how chromatin-dependent signal transduction drives cardiovascular plasticity during physiological and pathophysiological states. As epigenetic regulators and chromatin-associated proteins are often tractable drug targets, we actively seek to translate our findings into novel transcriptionally-active cardiovascular therapeutics.

• Chromatin Remodeling Drives Immune-Fibroblast Crosstalk in Heart Failure Pathogenesis.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Alexanian M, Padmanabhan A, Nishino T, Travers JG, Ye L, Lee CY, Sadagopan N, Huang Y, Pelonero A, Auclair K, Zhu A, Teran BG, Flanigan W, Kim CK, Lumbao-Conradson K, Costa M, Jain R, Charo I, Haldar …
• Targeting transcription in heart failure via CDK7/12/13 inhibition.
  Nature communications 2022 Hsu A, Duan Q, Day DS, Luo X, McMahon S, Huang Y, Feldman ZB, Jiang Z, Zhang T, Liang Y, Alexanian M, Padmanabhan A, Brown JD, Lin CY, Gray NS, Young RA, Bruneau BG, Haldar SM
• Transcription factors KLF15 and PPARδ cooperatively orchestrate genome-wide regulation of lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2022 Fan L, Sweet DR, Fan EK, Prosdocimo DA, Madera A, Jiang Z, Padmanabhan R, Haldar SM, Vinayachandran V, Jain MK
• KLF15 cistromes reveal a hepatocyte pathway governing plasma corticosteroid transport and systemic inflammation.
  Science advances 2022 Jiang Z, Elsarrag SZ, Duan Q, LaGory EL, Wang Z, Alexanian M, McMahon S, Rulifson IC, Winchester S, Wang Y, Vaisse C, Brown JD, Quattrocelli M, Lin CY, Haldar SM
• Preclinical development and phase 1 trial of a novel siRNA targeting lipoprotein(a).
  Nature medicine 2022 Koren MJ, Moriarty PM, Baum SJ, Neutel J, Hernandez-Illas M, Weintraub HS, Florio M, Kassahun H, Melquist S, Varrieur T, Haldar SM, Sohn W, Wang H, Elliott-Davey M, Rock BM, Pei T, Homann O, Hellawell…
• KLF15 overexpression in myocytes fails to ameliorate ALS-related pathology or extend the lifespan of SOD1G93A mice.
  Neurobiology of disease 2021 Massopust R, Juros D, Shapiro D, Lopes M, Haldar SM, Taetzsch T, Valdez G
• A transcriptional switch governs fibroblast activation in heart disease.
  Nature 2021 Alexanian M, Przytycki PF, Micheletti R, Padmanabhan A, Ye L, Travers JG, Gonzalez-Teran B, Silva AC, Duan Q, Ranade SS, Felix F, Linares-Saldana R, Li L, Lee CY, Sadagopan N, Pelonero A, Huang Y, …
• Abstract 17168: Myocardial Natriuretic Peptide Expression in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
  Circulation 2020 Virginia S Hahn, Hildur Knutsdottir, Kenneth C Bedi, Kenneth B Margulies, Saptarsi M Haldar, Marina Stolina, Joel S Bader, David A Kass, Kavita Sharma
• Myocardial Gene Expression Signatures in Human Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
  Circulation 2020 Hahn VS, Knutsdottir H, Luo X, Bedi K, Margulies KB, Haldar SM, Stolina M, Yin J, Khakoo AY, Vaishnav J, Bader JS, Kass DA, Sharma K
• BRD4 (Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4) Interacts with GATA4 (GATA Binding Protein 4) to Govern Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Adult Cardiomyocytes.
  Circulation 2020 Padmanabhan A, Alexanian M, Linares-Saldana R, González-Terán B, Andreoletti G, Huang Y, Connolly AJ, Kim W, Hsu A, Duan Q, Winchester SAB, Felix F, Perez-Bermejo JA, Wang Q, Li L, Shah PP, Haldar SM,…
• Distinct Myocardial Gene Expression Signatures in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.
  Journal of Cardiac Failure 2020 Virginia S. Hahn, Hildur Knutsdottir, Aditi Madan, Xin Luo, Kenneth Bedi, Kenneth B. Margulies, Saptarsi M. Haldar, Marina Stolina, Jun Yin, Aarif Y. Khahoo, Joban Vaishnav, Anthony Cammarato, Joel S.…
• BETs that cover the spread from acquired to heritable heart failure.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Alexanian M, Haldar SM
• BET bromodomain proteins regulate transcriptional reprogramming in genetic dilated cardiomyopathy.
  JCI insight 2020 Antolic A, Wakimoto H, Jiao Z, Gorham JM, DePalma SR, Lemieux ME, Conner DA, Lee DY, Qi J, Seidman JG, Bradner JE, Brown JD, Haldar SM, Seidman CE, Burke MA
• A New Therapeutic Framework for Atrial Fibrillation Drug Development.
  Circulation research 2020 Ang YS, Rajamani S, Haldar SM, Hüser J
• Salt-inducible kinase 1 maintains HDAC7 stability to promote pathologic cardiac remodeling.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2020 Hsu A, Duan Q, McMahon S, Huang Y, Wood SA, Gray NS, Wang B, Bruneau BG, Haldar SM
• Pulsed glucocorticoids enhance dystrophic muscle performance through epigenetic-metabolic reprogramming.
  JCI insight 2019 Quattrocelli M, Zelikovich AS, Jiang Z, Peek CB, Demonbreun AR, Kuntz NL, Barish GD, Haldar SM, Bass J, McNally EM
• Minimal in vivo requirements for developmentally regulated cardiac long intergenic non-coding RNAs.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2019 George MR, Duan Q, Nagle A, Kathiriya IS, Huang Y, Rao K, Haldar SM, Bruneau BG
• Dynamic Chromatin Targeting of BRD4 Stimulates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation.
  Circulation research 2019 Stratton MS, Bagchi RA, Felisbino MB, Hirsch RA, Smith HE, Riching AS, Enyart BY, Koch KA, Cavasin MA, Alexanian M, Song K, Qi J, Lemieux ME, Srivastava D, Lam MPY, Haldar SM, Lin CY, McKinsey TA
• Drugging transcription in heart failure.
  The Journal of physiology 2019 Padmanabhan A, Haldar SM
• Epigenetic therapies in heart failure.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2019 Alexanian M, Padmanabhan A, McKinsey TA, Haldar SM
• Unusual transcription factor protects against heart failure.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2018 Padmanabhan A, Haldar SM
• The Cardiac Myofibroblast.
  Circulation research 2018 Alexanian M, Haldar SM
• Epigenomic Control of Cardiac Fibrosis by Bet Bromodomain Proteins in Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal of Cardiac Failure 2018 Michael A. Burke, Hiroko Wakimoto, Zhe Jiao, Joshua M. Gorham, Steven R. DePalma, David A. Conner, Jun Qi, Jonathan G. Seidman, James E. Bradner, Jonathan D. Brown, Saptarsi M. Haldar, Christine E. …
• Interventions Targeting Glucocorticoid-Krüppel-like Factor 15-Branched-Chain Amino Acid Signaling Improve Disease Phenotypes in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice.
  EBioMedicine 2018 Walter LM, Deguise MO, Meijboom KE, Betts CA, Ahlskog N, van Westering TLE, Hazell G, McFall E, Kordala A, Hammond SM, Abendroth F, Murray LM, Shorrock HK, Prosdocimo DA, Haldar SM, Jain MK, …
• BET bromodomain proteins regulate enhancer function during adipogenesis.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2018 Brown JD, Feldman ZB, Doherty SP, Reyes JM, Rahl PB, Lin CY, Sheng Q, Duan Q, Federation AJ, Kung AL, Haldar SM, Young RA, Plutzky J, Bradner JE
• Plasma MicroRNA Clusters in Human Left Ventricular Remodeling: A Biomarker and Discovery Platform.
  Circulation. Heart failure 2018 Padmanabhan A, Haldar SM
• Probing the Pathogenesis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Mouse Models.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2018 Morrison-Nozik A, Haldar SM
• Ketogenic Diet Reduces Midlife Mortality and Improves Memory in Aging Mice.
  Cell metabolism 2017 Newman JC, Covarrubias AJ, Zhao M, Yu X, Gut P, Ng CP, Huang Y, Haldar S, Verdin E
• BRD4 inhibition for the treatment of pathological organ fibrosis.
  F1000Research 2017 Stratton MS, Haldar SM, McKinsey TA
• BET bromodomain inhibition suppresses innate inflammatory and profibrotic transcriptional networks in heart failure.
  Science translational medicine 2017 Duan Q, McMahon S, Anand P, Shah H, Thomas S, Salunga HT, Huang Y, Zhang R, Sahadevan A, Lemieux ME, Brown JD, Srivastava D, Bradner JE, McKinsey TA, Haldar SM
• Abstract 417: BET Bromodomain Inhibition Blunts Heart Failure Progression and Fibrosis in Genetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Circulation Research 2016 Michael A Burke, Hiroko Wakimoto, Joshua M Gorham, David A Conner, Jonathan G Seidman, James E Bradner, Saptarsi M Haldar, Jonathan D Brown, Christine E Seidman
• Signal-Dependent Recruitment of BRD4 to Cardiomyocyte Super-Enhancers Is Suppressed by a MicroRNA.
  Cell reports 2016 Stratton MS, Lin CY, Anand P, Tatman PD, Ferguson BS, Wickers ST, Ambardekar AV, Sucharov CC, Bradner JE, Haldar SM, McKinsey TA
• Sarcomeres and Cardiac Growth: Tension in the Relationship.
  Trends in molecular medicine 2016 Haldar SM, Srivastava D
• BET Bromodomains and P-TEFb in Cardiac Transcription and Heart Failure Pathogenesis.
  Epigenetics in Cardiac Disease 2016 Priti Anand, Amir Munir, Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Glucocorticoids enhance muscle endurance and ameliorate Duchenne muscular dystrophy through a defined metabolic program.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 Morrison-Nozik A, Anand P, Zhu H, Duan Q, Sabeh M, Prosdocimo DA, Lemieux ME, Nordsborg N, Russell AP, MacRae CA, Gerber AN, Jain MK, Haldar SM
• Abstract 131: A microRNA Targets the Epigenetic Reader BRD4 to Suppress Transcription Elongation in the Heart.
  Circulation Research 2015 Matthew S Stratton, Bradley S Ferguson, Charles Y Lin, Priti Anand, Sean T Wickers, Philip D Tatman, James E Bradner, Saptarsi M Haldar, Timothy A McKinsey
• Megamitochondria in Cardiomyocytes of a Knockout (Klf15-/-) Mouse.
  Ultrastructural pathology 2015 Tandler B, Fujioka H, Hoppel CL, Haldar SM, Jain MK
• Differential role of an NF-κB transcriptional response element in endothelial versus intimal cell VCAM-1 expression.
  Circulation research 2015 Milstone DS, Ilyama M, Chen M, O'Donnell P, Davis VM, Plutzky J, Brown JD, Haldar SM, Siu A, Lau AC, Zhu SN, Basheer MF, Collins T, Jongstra-Bilen J, Cybulsky MI
• A change of heart for phosphodiesterase signaling.
  Science Translational Medicine 2015 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• A mighty "MyD" guardian of heart function.
  Science Translational Medicine 2015 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• HDL Cholesterol: Form Versus Function.
  Science Translational Medicine 2015 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase IA (PI3K-IA) activation in cardioprotection induced by ouabain preconditioning.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2015 Duan Q, Madan ND, Wu J, Kalisz J, Doshi KY, Haldar SM, Liu L, Pierre SV
• Abstract 15863: Macrophage Foxp1 is a Regulator of Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy.
  Circulation 2014 Shuichi Yoneda, Saptarsi M Haldar, Jessica Jenkins, Yunmei Wang, Teruo Inoue, Mukesh K Jain, Can Shi, Daniel I Simon
• Monkeying Around with LDL Receptor Levels.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: AhR we making progress?
  Circulation 2014 Padmanabhan A, Haldar SM
• A Bug in the System for Artificial Sweeteners.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Epigenetic mechanisms in heart failure pathogenesis.
  Circulation. Heart failure 2014 Di Salvo TG, Haldar SM
• The Key to Myheart.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Fishing for Drugs That Mitigate Metabolic Syndrome.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Metabolic Syndrome: A Family Affair.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• BET-ting on chromatin-based therapeutics for heart failure.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2014 Haldar SM, McKinsey TA
• A Pregnant Pause in Pancreatic Function.
  Science Translational Medicine 2014 Saptarsi M. Haldar
• Kruppel-like factor 15 is a critical regulator of cardiac lipid metabolism.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2014 Prosdocimo DA, Anand P, Liao X, Zhu H, Shelkay S, Artero-Calderon P, Zhang L, Kirsh J, Moore D, Rosca MG, Vazquez E, Kerner J, Akat KM, Williams Z, Zhao J, Fujioka H, Tuschl T, Bai X, Schulze PC, …
• BET bromodomains mediate transcriptional pause release in heart failure.
  Cell 2013 Anand P, Brown JD, Lin CY, Qi J, Zhang R, Artero PC, Alaiti MA, Bullard J, Alazem K, Margulies KB, Cappola TP, Lemieux M, Plutzky J, Bradner JE, Haldar SM
• The glucocorticoid receptor and KLF15 regulate gene expression dynamics and integrate signals through feed-forward circuitry.
  Molecular and cellular biology 2013 Sasse SK, Mailloux CM, Barczak AJ, Wang Q, Altonsy MO, Jain MK, Haldar SM, Gerber AN
• S-nitrosylation: integrator of cardiovascular performance and oxygen delivery.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2013 Haldar SM, Stamler JS
• String mitochondria in mouse soleus muscle.
  Microscopy research and technique 2012 Fujioka H, Tandler B, Haldar SM, Jain MK, Hoppel CL
• Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates skeletal muscle lipid flux and exercise adaptation.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012 Haldar SM, Jeyaraj D, Anand P, Zhu H, Lu Y, Prosdocimo DA, Eapen B, Kawanami D, Okutsu M, Brotto L, Fujioka H, Kerner J, Rosca MG, McGuinness OP, Snow RJ, Russell AP, Gerber AN, Bai X, Yan Z, Nosek TM…
• Induction of Klf15 by glucocorticoids in the lung regulates downstream transcriptional effects on mitochondrial function and metabolism.
  The FASEB Journal 2012 Anthony Nicholas Gerber, Sarah Sasse, Saptarsi Haldar, Mukesh Jain
• Klf15 orchestrates circadian nitrogen homeostasis.
  Cell metabolism 2012 Jeyaraj D, Scheer FA, Ripperger JA, Haldar SM, Lu Y, Prosdocimo DA, Eapen SJ, Eapen BL, Cui Y, Mahabeleshwar GH, Lee HG, Smith MA, Casadesus G, Mintz EM, Sun H, Wang Y, Ramsey KM, Bass J, Shea SA, …
• Circadian rhythms govern cardiac repolarization and arrhythmogenesis.
  Nature 2012 Jeyaraj D, Haldar SM, Wan X, McCauley MD, Ripperger JA, Hu K, Lu Y, Eapen BL, Sharma N, Ficker E, Cutler MJ, Gulick J, Sanbe A, Robbins J, Demolombe S, Kondratov RV, Shea SA, Albrecht U, Wehrens XH, …
• S-Nitrosylation at the interface of autophagy and disease.
  Molecular cell 2011 Haldar SM, Stamler JS
• The Myeloid Transcription Factor KLF2 Regulates the Host Response to Polymicrobial Infection and Endotoxic Shock.
  Immunity 2011 Ganapati H. Mahabeleshwar, Daiji Kawanami, Nikunj Sharma, Yoichi Takami, Guangjin Zhou, Hong Shi, Lalitha Nayak, Darwin Jeyaraj, Robert Grealy, Mary White, Ross McManus, Thomas Ryan, Patrick Leahy, …
• The myeloid transcription factor KLF2 regulates the host response to polymicrobial infection and endotoxic shock.
  Immunity 2011 Mahabeleshwar GH, Kawanami D, Sharma N, Takami Y, Zhou G, Shi H, Nayak L, Jeyaraj D, Grealy R, White M, McManus R, Ryan T, Leahy P, Lin Z, Haldar SM, Atkins GB, Wong HR, Lingrel JB, Jain MK
• Expression profiling identifies Klf15 as a glucocorticoid target that regulates airway hyperresponsiveness.
  American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 2011 Masuno K, Haldar SM, Jeyaraj D, Mailloux CM, Huang X, Panettieri RA, Jain MK, Gerber AN
• Kruppel-like factor 15 regulates smooth muscle response to vascular injury--brief report.
  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2010 Lu Y, Haldar S, Croce K, Wang Y, Sakuma M, Morooka T, Wang B, Jeyaraj D, Gray SJ, Simon DI, Jain MK
• Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2010 Liao X, Haldar SM, Lu Y, Jeyaraj D, Paruchuri K, Nahori M, Cui Y, Kaestner KH, Jain MK
• Klf15 deficiency is a molecular link between heart failure and aortic aneurysm formation.
  Science translational medicine 2010 Haldar SM, Lu Y, Jeyaraj D, Kawanami D, Cui Y, Eapen SJ, Hao C, Li Y, Doughman YQ, Watanabe M, Shimizu K, Kuivaniemi H, Sadoshima J, Margulies KB, Cappola TP, Jain MK
• Role of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Cardiac Fibrosis.
  CCN Proteins in Health and Disease 2010 Daiji Kawanami, Saptarsi M. Haldar, Mukesh K. Jain
• Kruppel-like factor 2 inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression and function in the endothelium.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2009 Kawanami D, Mahabeleshwar GH, Lin Z, Atkins GB, Hamik A, Haldar SM, Maemura K, Lamanna JC, Jain MK
• Kruppel Like Factor 15 is a Critical Regulator of Angiotensin II Mediated Vascular Remodeling.
  The FASEB Journal 2009 Yuan Lu, Saptarsi Haldar, Caili Hao, Yingjie Cui, Yongqiu Doughman, Michiko Watanabe, Mukesh K Jain
• Krüppel-like Factors in the Heart.
  The Biology of Krüppel-like Factors 2009 Daiji Kawanami, Saptarsi M. Haldar, Mukesh K. Jain
• Abstract 5275: Kruppel-Like Factor 15 Regulates the Cardiovascular Response to Angiotensin II.
  Circulation 2008 Saptarsi M Haldar, Yuan Lu, Yingjie Cui, Darwin Jeyaraj, Osama A Ibrahim, Manjusri Das, Caili Hao, Sam J Eapen, Daiji Kawanami, Yong Qiu Doughman, Michiko Watanabe, Junichi Sadoshima, Mukesh K Jain
• Abstract 5440: Klf2 Inhibits Hif-1a Expression and Function in the Endothelium.
  Circulation 2008 Daiji Kawanami, Zhiyong Lin, Ganapati Mahabaleshwar, G. B Atkins, Anne Hamik, Saptarsi Haldar, Koji Maemura, Jerry Lingrel, Mukesh Jain
• The Kruppel-like factor KLF15 inhibits connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2008 Wang B, Haldar SM, Lu Y, Ibrahim OA, Fisch S, Gray S, Leask A, Jain MK
• Kruppel-like Factors (KLFs) in muscle biology.
  Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2007 Haldar SM, Ibrahim OA, Jain MK
• Kruppel-like factor 15 is a regulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 Fisch S, Gray S, Heymans S, Haldar SM, Wang B, Pfister O, Cui L, Kumar A, Lin Z, Sen-Banerjee S, Das H, Petersen CA, Mende U, Burleigh BA, Zhu Y, Pinto YM, Pinto Y, Liao R, Jain MK
• Regulation of gluconeogenesis by Krüppel-like factor 15.
  Cell metabolism 2007 Gray S, Wang B, Orihuela Y, Hong EG, Fisch S, Haldar S, Cline GW, Kim JK, Peroni OD, Kahn BB, Jain MK
• 38 KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 15 IS A NOVEL REGULATOR OF CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY.
  Journal of Investigative Medicine 2007 S. Fisch, S. Gray, S. Heymans, S. Haldar, B. Wang, Y. Zhu, R. Liao, Y. M. Pinto, M. K. Jain
• KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 15 IS A NOVEL REGULATOR OF CARDIOMYOCYTE HYPERTROPHY.: 38.
  Journal of Investigative Medicine 2007 S. Fisch, S. Gray, S. Heymans, S. Haldar, B. Wang, Y. Zhu, R. Liao, Y. M. Pinto, M. K. Jain
• Kruppel-Like Factor 15 is a Novel Regulator of Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy.
  Journal of Investigative Medicine 2007 S. Fisch, S. Gray, S. Heymans, S. Haldar, B. Wang, Y. Zhu, R. Liao, Y.M. Pinto, M.K. Jain
• Infective endocarditis: diagnosis and management.
  Nature clinical practice. Cardiovascular medicine 2006 Haldar SM, O'Gara PT
• Robust adenoviral and adeno-associated viral gene transfer to the in vivo murine heart: application to study of phospholamban physiology.
  Circulation 2003 Champion HC, Georgakopoulos D, Haldar S, Wang L, Wang Y, Kass DA
• Wall stiffness suppresses Akt/eNOS and cytoprotection in pulse-perfused endothelium.
  Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2003 Peng X, Haldar S, Deshpande S, Irani K, Kass DA