Sandy Schwarcz, MD, MPH
Professor
Epidemiology & Biostatistics
School of Medicine

Education & Training

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• Post-Doc Fellow/Scholar Medicine University of California, San Francisco 1987

Publications (80)

Top publication keywords:
AIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeSan FranciscoHIV InfectionsAIDS SerodiagnosisDeath CertificatesPneumonia, PneumocystisRisk-TakingPopulation SurveillanceSexually Transmitted DiseasesHomosexuality, MaleDisease NotificationData CollectionAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveCause of Death

• Trends in Time Spent Viremic Among Persons Newly Diagnosed With HIV in San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2023 Hughes AJ, Nimbal V, Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Scheer S
• Disparities in Integrase Inhibitor Usage in the Modern HIV Treatment Era: A Population-Based Study in a US City.
  Open forum infectious diseases 2021 Spinelli MA, Hessol NA, Schwarcz SK, Scheer S, Gandhi M, Chin Hsu L
• Sensitivity and Specificity of the National Death Index for Multiple Causes of Death in People With HIV.
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2021 Schwarcz S, Hessol NA, Spinelli MA, Hsu LC, Wlodarczyk D, Tulsky J, Newman MD, Buchbinder SP
• The Continuing Value of CD4 Cell Count Monitoring for Differential HIV Care and Surveillance.
  JMIR public health and surveillance 2019 Rice B, Boulle A, Schwarcz S, Shroufi A, Rutherford G, Hargreaves J
• Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study.
  The lancet. HIV 2018 Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, Hsu LC, Ma D, Scheer S, Schwarcz SK

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• HIV Coinfection Among Persons Diagnosed As Having Sexually Transmitted Diseases, San Francisco, 2007 to 2014.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 2018 Chen MJ, Scheer S, Nguyen TQ, Kohn RP, Schwarcz SK
• Strengthening Routine Data Systems to Track the HIV Epidemic and Guide the Response in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  JMIR public health and surveillance 2018 Rice B, Boulle A, Baral S, Egger M, Mee P, Fearon E, Reniers G, Todd J, Schwarcz S, Weir S, Rutherford G, Hargreaves J
• Trends in the San Francisco Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic in the "Getting to Zero" Era.
  Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018 Scheer S, Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Pipkin S, Havlir D, Buchbinder S, Hessol NA
• Changing temporal trends in non-AIDS cancer mortality among people diagnosed with AIDS: San Francisco, California, 1996-2013.
  Cancer epidemiology 2017 Hessol NA, Ma D, Scheer S, Hsu LC, Schwarcz SK
• Gender differences in causes of death among persons with HIV/AIDS in San Francisco, California, 1996-2013.
  International journal of STD & AIDS 2017 Hessol NA, Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Shumway M, Machtinger EL
• Feasibility of Establishing HIV Case-Based Surveillance to Measure Progress Along the Health Sector Cascade: Situational Assessments in Tanzania, South Africa, and Kenya.
  JMIR public health and surveillance 2017 Harklerode R, Schwarcz S, Hargreaves J, Boulle A, Todd J, Xueref S, Rice B
• Positive Predictive Value of the WHO Clinical and Immunologic Criteria to Predict Viral Load Failure among Adults on First, or Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya.
  PloS one 2016 Waruru A, Muttai H, Ng'ang'a L, Ackers M, Kim A, Miruka F, Erick O, Okonji J, Ayuaya T, Schwarcz S
• Estimating the Prevalence and Predictors of Incorrect Condom Use Among Sexually Active Adults in Kenya: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 2016 Grasso MA, Schwarcz S, Galbraith JS, Musyoki H, Kambona C, Kellogg TA, KAIS Study Group
• Disparities and Trends in Viral Suppression During a Transition to a "Test and Treat" Approach to the HIV Epidemic, San Francisco, 2008-2012.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2015 Schwarcz S, Hsu LC, Scheer S
• Validating the Use of Google Trends to Enhance Pertussis Surveillance in California.
  PLoS currents 2015 Pollett S, Wood N, Boscardin WJ, Bengtsson H, Schwarcz S, Harriman K, Winter K, Rutherford G
• Difference in Survival between Housed and Homeless individuals with HIV, San Francisco, 2002-2011.
  Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 2015 Khanijow K, Hirozawa A, Ancock B, Hsu LC, Bamberger J, Schwarcz SK
• Training for Better Management: Avante Zambézia, PEPFAR and Improving the Quality of Administrative Services Comment on "Implementation of a Health Management Mentoring Program: Year-1 Evaluation of Its Impact on Health System Strengthening in Zambézia Province, Mozambique".
  International journal of health policy and management 2015 Schwarcz SK, Rutherford GW, Horvath H
• Mortality Risk After AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Illness Among HIV-Infected Persons--San Francisco, 1981-2012.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2015 Djawe K, Buchacz K, Hsu L, Chen MJ, Selik RM, Rose C, Williams T, Brooks JT, Schwarcz S
• Changes in causes of death among persons with AIDS: San Francisco, California, 1996-2011.
  AIDS patient care and STDs 2014 Schwarcz SK, Vu A, Hsu LC, Hessol NA
• Antiretroviral treatment scale-up among persons living with HIV in Kenya: results from a nationally representative survey.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2014 Odhiambo JO, Kellogg TA, Kim AA, Ng'ang'a L, Mukui I, Umuro M, Mohammed I, De Cock KM, Kimanga DO, Schwarcz S, KAIS Study Group
• Engagement in HIV care among Kenyan adults and adolescents: results from a national population-based survey.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2014 Wafula R, Masyuko S, Ng'ang'a L, Kim AA, Gichangi A, Mukui I, Batuka J, Ngugi EW, Maina WK, Schwarcz S, KAIS Study Group
• The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012: rationale, methods, description of participants, and response rates.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2014 Waruiru W, Kim AA, Kimanga DO, Ng'ang'a J, Schwarcz S, Kimondo L, Ng'ang'a A, Umuro M, Mwangi M, Ojwang' JK, Maina WK, KAIS Study Group
• Trends in early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and characteristics of persons with HIV initiating therapy in San Francisco, 2007-2011.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2013 Hsu LC, Truong HM, Vittinghoff E, Zhi Q, Scheer S, Schwarcz S
• Disparities in engagement in care and viral suppression among persons with HIV.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2013 Muthulingam D, Chin J, Hsu L, Scheer S, Schwarcz S
• Declining incidence of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses: results from 16 years of population-based AIDS surveillance.
  AIDS (London, England) 2013 Schwarcz L, Chen MJ, Vittinghoff E, Hsu L, Schwarcz S
• Epidemiology of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 among Kenyans aged 2 months to 18 years, 2009-2010.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2012 Wong KK, Bulimo WD, Magana J, Achilla RA, Schwarcz SK, Simwa M, Majanja JM, Wadegu MO, Osuna FA, Mukunzi SO, Mwangi JK, Wangui JM, Muthoni JN, Njiri JO, Obura BD, Opot BH, Mitei KK, Barani J, Lifumo S…
• A randomized control trial of personalized cognitive counseling to reduce sexual risk among HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
  AIDS care 2012 Schwarcz SK, Chen YH, Murphy JL, Paul JP, Skinta MD, Scheer S, Vittinghoff E, Dilley JW
• Thoughts, attitudes, and feelings of HIV-positive MSM associated with high transmission-risk sex.
  Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education 2011 Skinta MD, Murphy JL, Paul JP, Schwarcz SK, Dilley JW
• Do people who develop AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis delay HIV testing?
  Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) 2011 Schwarcz SK, Hsu L, Chin CS, Richards TA, Frank H, Wenzel C, Dilley J
• Identifying barriers to HIV testing: personal and contextual factors associated with late HIV testing.
  AIDS care 2011 Schwarcz S, Richards TA, Frank H, Wenzel C, Hsu LC, Chin CS, Murphy J, Dilley J
• The effect of HAART and calendar period on Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a match between an AIDS and cancer registry.
  AIDS (London, England) 2011 Pipkin S, Scheer S, Okeigwe I, Schwarcz S, Harris DH, Hessol NA
• Impact of housing on the survival of persons with AIDS.
  BMC public health 2009 Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Vittinghoff E, Vu A, Bamberger JD, Katz MH
• Frequent international travel by men who have sex with men recently diagnosed with HIV-1: potential for transmission of primary HIV-1 drug resistance.
  Journal of travel medicine 2008 Truong HM, Kellogg T, Schwarcz S, Delgado V, Grant RM, Louie B, Ngo H, McFarland W
• HIV is hyperendemic among men who have sex with men in San Francisco: 10-year trends in HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviour.
  Sexually transmitted infections 2008 Scheer S, Kellogg T, Klausner JD, Schwarcz S, Colfax G, Bernstein K, Louie B, Dilley JW, Hecht J, Truong HM, Katz MH, McFarland W
• Sexual compulsiveness and change in unprotected anal intercourse: unexpected results from a randomized controlled HIV counseling intervention study.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2008 Dilley JW, Loeb L, Marson K, Chen S, Schwarcz S, Paul J, McFarland W
• Viagra, methamphetamine, and HIV risk: results from a probability sample of MSM, San Francisco.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 2007 Spindler HH, Scheer S, Chen SY, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Valleroy LA, Schwarcz SK
• Prevalence of HIV infection and predictors of high-transmission sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men.
  American journal of public health 2007 Schwarcz S, Scheer S, McFarland W, Katz M, Valleroy L, Chen S, Catania J
• Assessing representativeness of sampling methods for reaching men who have sex with men: a direct comparison of results obtained from convenience and probability samples.
  AIDS and behavior 2007 Schwarcz S, Spindler H, Scheer S, Valleroy L, Lansky A
• The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS.
  American journal of epidemiology 2007 Hessol NA, Pipkin S, Schwarcz S, Cress RD, Bacchetti P, Scheer S
• Characteristics of persons with recently acquired HIV infection: application of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion in 10 US cities.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2007 Schwarcz S, Weinstock H, Louie B, Kellogg T, Douglas J, Lalota M, Dickinson G, Torian L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza G, Ruiz J, Boyett B, McCormick L, Bennett D
• Late diagnosis of HIV infection: trends, prevalence, and characteristics of persons whose HIV diagnosis occurred within 12 months of developing AIDS.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2006 Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Dilley JW, Loeb L, Nelson K, Boyd S
• Elevated risk of death for African Americans with AIDS, San Francisco, 1996-2002.
  Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 2006 Jain S, Schwarcz S, Katz M, Gulati R, McFarland W
• How well do trends in HIV prevalence in young people reflect HIV incidence? Results from 10 years of HIV serosurveillance in San Francisco.
  AIDS (London, England) 2006 Razani N, Schwarcz S, Klausner JD, Kohn RP, McFarland W
• Estimation of unmet need for HIV primary medical care: a framework and three case studies.
  AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education 2005 Ikard K, Janney J, Hsu LC, Isenberg DJ, Scalco MB, Schwarcz S, Beer L, Wendell DA, Franks PE, Kahn JG
• The decline of incident cases of HIV-associated neurological disorders in San Francisco, 1991-2003.
  AIDS (London, England) 2005 Dilley JW, Schwarcz S, Loeb L, Hsu L, Nelson K, Scheer S
• HIV testing behaviors and knowledge of HIV reporting regulations among male-to-female transgenders.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2004 Schwarcz S, Scheer S
• The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2004 Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, Bennett D, Garcia-Lerma JG, Douglas JM, LaLota M, Dickinson G, Schwarcz S, Torian L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza GA, Ruiz J, Boyett B, Kaplan JE
• HIV prevention fatigue among high-risk populations in San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2004 Stockman JK, Schwarcz SK, Butler LM, de Jong B, Chen SY, Delgado V, McFarland W
• Does name-based HIV reporting deter high-risk persons from HIV testing? Results from San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2004 Schwarcz S, Stockman J, Delgado V, Scheer S
• Provision of syndromic treatment of sexually transmitted infections by community pharmacists: a potentially underutilized HIV prevention strategy.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 2003 Ward K, Butler N, Mugabo P, Klausner J, McFarland W, Chen S, Schwarcz S
• Viagra use in a community-recruited sample of men who have sex with men, San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2003 Chu PL, McFarland W, Gibson S, Weide D, Henne J, Miller P, Partridge T, Schwarcz S
• Low socioeconomic status is associated with a higher rate of death in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2003 McFarland W, Chen S, Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Katz M
• Characterization of sexually transmitted disease clinic patients with recent human immunodeficiency virus infection.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2002 Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, McFarland W, Louie B, Klausner J, Withum DG, Katz MH
• Trends in causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco, 1994-1998.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2002 Louie JK, Hsu LC, Osmond DH, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK
• Continuing increases in sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, Calif, 1999-2001, USA.
  American journal of public health 2002 Chen SY, Gibson S, Katz MH, Klausner JD, Dilley JW, Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, McFarland W
• Evaluation of a non-name-based HIV reporting system in San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2002 Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Chu PL, Parisi MK, Bangsberg D, Hurley L, Pearlman J, Marsh K, Katz M
• Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco.
  American journal of public health 2002 Katz MH, Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, Klausner JD, Dilley JW, Gibson S, McFarland W
• Partner notification for persons recently infected with HIV: experience in San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2001 Schwarcz S, McFarland W, Delgado V, Dilley J, Rinaldi J, Adler B, Withum D
• Predictors of use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among persons with AIDS in San Francisco, 1996-1999.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2001 Hsu LC, Vittinghoff E, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK
• The completeness, validity, and timeliness of AIDS surveillance data.
  Annals of epidemiology 2001 Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Li J, Gaines CG, Gallagher K, Schwarcz S, Karon JM, Ward JW
• Undiagnosed and unreported AIDS deaths: results from the San Francisco Medical Examiner.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2001 Scheer S, McQuitty M, Denning P, Hormel L, Stephens B, Katz M, Schwarcz S
• Accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women.
  American journal of epidemiology 2001 Hessol NA, Schwarcz S, Ameli N, Oliver G, Greenblatt RM
• Differences in the temporal trends of HIV seroincidence and seroprevalence among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients, 1989-1998: application of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion.
  American journal of epidemiology 2001 Schwarcz S, Kellogg T, McFarland W, Louie B, Kohn R, Busch M, Katz M, Bolan G, Klausner J, Weinstock H
• Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases in people with AIDS.
  Lancet (London, England) 2001 Scheer S, Chu PL, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK
• Surveillance for incident HIV infection: new technology and new opportunities.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2000 Rutherford GW, Schwarcz SK, McFarland W
• Impact of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral treatments on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome survival in San Francisco, California, 1987-1996.
  American journal of epidemiology 2000 Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Vittinghoff E, Katz MH
• Comparison of simultaneous active and passive AIDS case reporting in San Francisco.
  Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2000 Hsu L, Schwarcz S, Katz M
• The impact of the 1993 AIDS case definition on the completeness and timeliness of AIDS surveillance.
  AIDS (London, England) 1999 Schwarcz SK, Hsu LC, Parisi MK, Katz MH
• A new HIV test to detect recent infections.
  Focus (San Francisco, Calif.) 1999 Schwarcz S
• Impact of socioeconomic status on survival with AIDS.
  American journal of epidemiology 1998 Katz MH, Hsu L, Lingo M, Woelffer G, Schwarcz SK
• Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: who are we missing?
  AIDS (London, England) 1997 Schwarcz SK, Katz MH, Hirozawa A, Gurley J, Lemp GF
• Predictors of human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 1997 Schwarcz SK, Spitters C, Ginsberg MM, Anderson L, Kellogg T, Katz MH
• Retrospective diagnosis of a fatal case of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1980.
  The Western journal of medicine 1996 Schwarcz SK, Shefer AM, Zaki SR
• Temporal trends in human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence and sexual behavior at the San Francisco municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic, 1989-1992.
  American journal of epidemiology 1995 Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, Kohn RP, Katz MH, Lemp GF, Bolan GA
• Crack cocaine use and high-risk behaviors among sexually active black adolescents.
  The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 1993 Fullilove MT, Golden E, Fullilove RE, Lennon R, Porterfield D, Schwarcz S, Bolan G
• Comparison of voluntary and blinded human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence surveys in a high prevalence sexually transmitted disease clinic population.
  American journal of epidemiology 1993 Schwarcz SK, Bolan GA, Kellogg TA, Kohn R, Lemp GF
• Crack cocaine and the exchange of sex for money or drugs. Risk factors for gonorrhea among black adolescents in San Francisco.
  Sexually transmitted diseases 1992 Schwarcz SK, Bolan GA, Fullilove M, McCright J, Fullilove R, Kohn R, Rolfs RT
• National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project.
  JAMA 1990 Schwarcz SK, Zenilman JM, Schnell D, Knapp JS, Hook EW, Thompson S, Judson FN, Holmes KK
• Sexual assault and sexually transmitted diseases: detection and management in adults and children.
  Reviews of infectious diseases 1990 Schwarcz SK, Whittington WL
• The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 1989 Rutherford GW, Schwarcz SK, Lemp GF, Barnhart JL, Rauch KJ, Warner WL, Piland TH, Werdegar D