Robert Raffai, PhD
Professor
Surgery
School of Medicine

A second interest of our laboratory explores how diabetic hyperglycemia contributes to differential microRNA biogenesis in mature immune cells and their progenitors. Specifically, we examine how this impacts on the release of these microRNAs into extracellular vesicles including exosomes to impact systemic and vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Our goal is to develop engineered exosomes with defined microRNA cargo as new nanobiological effectors to control inflammation and atherosclerosis.

• Exomap1 mouse: a transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology.
  bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2023 Fordjour FK, Abuelreich S, Hong X, Chatterjee E, Lallai V, Ng M, Saftics A, Deng F, Carnel-Amar N, Wakimoto H, Shimizu K, Bautista M, Phu TA, Vu NK, Geiger PC, Raffai RL, Fowler CD, Das S, Christenson…
• exRNA-eCLIP intersection analysis reveals a map of extracellular RNA binding proteins and associated RNAs across major human biofluids and carriers.
  Cell genomics 2023 LaPlante EL, Stürchler A, Fullem R, Chen D, Starner AC, Esquivel E, Alsop E, Jackson AR, Ghiran I, Pereira G, Rozowsky J, Chang J, Gerstein MB, Alexander RP, Roth ME, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ, Raffai RL…
• Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have reduced levels of microRNA 122-5p in circulating exosomes.
  PloS one 2023 Lopez JL, Ramirez JL, Phu TA, Duong P, Bouchareychas L, Kuhrau CR, Lin PY, Eckalbar WL, Barczak AJ, Rudolph JD, Maliskova L, Conte MS, Vartanian SM, Raffai RL, Oskowitz AZ
• Current challenges and future directions for engineering extracellular vesicles for heart, lung, blood and sleep diseases.
  Journal of extracellular vesicles 2023 Li G, Chen T, Dahlman J, Eniola-Adefeso L, Ghiran IC, Kurre P, Lam WA, Lang JK, Marbán E, Martín P, Momma S, Moos M, Nelson DJ, Raffai RL, Ren X, Sluijter JPG, Stott SL, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Walker ND,…
• MetfOrmin BenefIts Lower Extremities with Intermittent Claudication (MOBILE IC): randomized clinical trial protocol.
  BMC cardiovascular disorders 2023 Reitz KM, Althouse AD, Forman DE, Zuckerbraun BS, Vodovotz Y, Zamora R, Raffai RL, Hall DE, Tzeng E
• Abstract C051: Ceramide signaling regulates PDA aggression through exosome reprogramming of the stroma.
  Cancer Research 2022 Audrey M. Hendley, Atsushi Urano, Xianlu L. Peng, Sudipta Ashe, Natanya R. Kerper, Tuan A. Phu, Martin Ng, Simone Giacometti, David I. Berrios, Gun H. Jang, Jen J. Yeh, Steven Gallinger, David K. …
• Poster 155: Muscle-Derived Beige Adipose Precursors Secrete Promyogenic Exosomes that Treat Rotator Cuff Muscle Degeneration in Mice and are Identified in Humans by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.
  Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2022 Xuhui Liu, Steven Garcia, Hubert Kim, Robert Raffai, Brian Feeley, Michael Davies
• Phase 2 of extracellular RNA communication consortium charts next-generation approaches for extracellular RNA research.
  iScience 2022 Mateescu B, Jones JC, Alexander RP, Alsop E, An JY, Asghari M, Boomgarden A, Bouchareychas L, Cayota A, Chang HC, Charest A, Chiu DT, Coffey RJ, Das S, De Hoff P, deMello A, D'Souza-Schorey C, …
• Muscle-Derived Beige Adipose Precursors Secrete Promyogenic Exosomes That Treat Rotator Cuff Muscle Degeneration in Mice and Are Identified in Humans by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.
  The American journal of sports medicine 2022 Davies MR, Garcia S, Liu M, Chi H, Kim HT, Raffai RL, Liu X, Feeley BT
• IL-4 polarized human macrophage exosomes control cardiometabolic inflammation and diabetes in obesity.
  Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 2022 Phu TA, Ng M, Vu NK, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL
• Visualizing transfer of microbial biomolecules by outer membrane vesicles in microbe-host-communication in vivo.
  Journal of extracellular vesicles 2021 Bittel M, Reichert P, Sarfati I, Dressel A, Leikam S, Uderhardt S, Stolzer I, Phu TA, Ng M, Vu NK, Tenzer S, Distler U, Wirtz S, Rothhammer V, Neurath MF, Raffai RL, Günther C, Momma S
• High glucose macrophage exosomes enhance atherosclerosis by driving cellular proliferation & hematopoiesis.
  iScience 2021 Bouchareychas L, Duong P, Phu TA, Alsop E, Meechoovet B, Reiman R, Ng M, Yamamoto R, Nakauchi H, Gasper WJ, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Raffai RL
• M2 macrophage exosomes regulate hematopoiesis & resolve inflammation in atherosclerosis via microrna cargo.
  Atherosclerosis 2020 L. Bouchareychas, P. Duong, S. Covarrubias, E. Alsop, T.A. Q Phu, A. Chung, M. Gomes, D. Wong, B. Meechoovet, A. Capili, R. Yamamoto, H. Nakauchi, M. Mcmanus, S. Carpenter, K. Van Keuren-Jensen, R.L. …
• Abstract 15839: Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Have Reduced Levels of MicroRNA 122-5p in Circulating Exosomes.
  Circulation 2020 Jose L Lopez, Joel L Ramirez, Tuan Anh Phu, Phat Duong, Laura Bouchareychas, Christina R Kuhrau, Pei Yu Lin, Michael S Conte, Shant M Vartanian, Robert L Raffai, Adam Z Oskowitz
• Abstract 17293: Hyperglycemia Enhances Pro-Inflammatory Properties of Macrophage-Derived Exosomes to Drive Hematopoiesis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse.
  Circulation 2020 Laura Bouchareychas, Phat Duong, Tuan Anh Phu, Eric Alsop, bessie meechoovet, Ryo Yamamoto, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, kendall Van Keuren-Jensen, Robert Raffai
• Correction: Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) improves the isolation efficiency of extracellular vesicles.
  PloS one 2020 Duong P, Chung A, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL
• Macrophage Exosomes Resolve Atherosclerosis by Regulating Hematopoiesis and Inflammation via MicroRNA Cargo.
  Cell reports 2020 Bouchareychas L, Duong P, Covarrubias S, Alsop E, Phu TA, Chung A, Gomes M, Wong D, Meechoovet B, Capili A, Yamamoto R, Nakauchi H, McManus MT, Carpenter S, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Raffai RL
• Circulating exosomes from patients with peripheral artery disease influence vascular cell migration and contain distinct microRNA cargo.
  JVS-vascular science 2020 Sorrentino TA, Duong P, Bouchareychas L, Chen M, Chung A, Schaller MS, Oskowitz A, Raffai RL, Conte MS
• Abstract C20: Smpd3 augments chemotherapy and thwarts PDA progression.
  Cancer Research 2019 Audrey M. Hendley, Atsushi Urano, Natanya R. Kerper, Phat Duong, Peter Bailey, David K. Chang, Andrew V. Biankin, David W. Dawson, Grace Kim, Robert L. Raffai, Matthias Hebrok
• Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) improves the isolation efficiency of extracellular vesicles.
  PloS one 2019 Duong P, Chung A, Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL
• Female mice with apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction demonstrated impairments in spatial learning and memory performance and disruption of hippocampal cyto-architecture.
  Neurobiology of learning and memory 2019 Adeosun SO, Hou X, Shi L, Stockmeier CA, Zheng B, Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH, Mosley TH, Wang JM
• Small RNA Sequencing across Diverse Biofluids Identifies Optimal Methods for exRNA Isolation.
  Cell 2019 Srinivasan S, Yeri A, Cheah PS, Chung A, Danielson K, De Hoff P, Filant J, Laurent CD, Laurent LD, Magee R, Moeller C, Murthy VL, Nejad P, Paul A, Rigoutsos I, Rodosthenous R, Shah RV, Simonson B, To …
• The Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium: Establishing Foundational Knowledge and Technologies for Extracellular RNA Research.
  Cell 2019 Das S, Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium, Ansel KM, Bitzer M, Breakefield XO, Charest A, Galas DJ, Gerstein MB, Gupta M, Milosavljevic A, McManus MT, Patel T, Raffai RL, Rozowsky J, Roth ME, …
• exRNA Atlas Analysis Reveals Distinct Extracellular RNA Cargo Types and Their Carriers Present across Human Biofluids.
  Cell 2019 Murillo OD, Thistlethwaite W, Rozowsky J, Subramanian SL, Lucero R, Shah N, Jackson AR, Srinivasan S, Chung A, Laurent CD, Kitchen RR, Galeev T, Warrell J, Diao JA, Welsh JA, Hanspers K, Riutta A, …
• Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines.
  Journal of extracellular vesicles 2018 Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, Ayre DC, Bach JM, Bachurski D, Baharvand H, Balaj L, Baldacchino S, Bauer NN, …
• MicroRNA-146a & hematopoiesis: friend or foe in atherosclerosis.
  Non-coding RNA investigation 2018 Raffai RL
• Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: From Lipoprotein Metabolism to MicroRNA Control of Inflammation.
  Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2018 Bouchareychas L, Raffai RL
• Abstract 184: Hyperglycemia Enhances Pro-inflammatory Properties of Macrophage-derived Exosomes to Drive Hematopoiesis in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mouse.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2018 Laura Bouchareychas, Allen Chung, David K Wong, Phat Duong, Robert L Raffai
• Abstract 262: Circulating Exosomes from PAD Patients Modulate Vascular Repair and Inflammation.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2018 Thomas A Sorrentino, Phat Duong, Laura Bouchareychas, Brian E Sansbury, Pete Mitchell, Mian Chen, Allen Chung, Melinda S Schaller, Matthew Spite, Robert L Raffai, Michael S Conte
• Abstract 408: ApoE Regulation of Hematopoiesis Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Reducing Adaptive Immunity in Hyperlipidemic Mice.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2018 Laura Bouchareychas, Ryo Yamamoto, Fu Sang Luk, Roy Y Kim, David Wong, Jonathan Villeneuva, Phat Duong, Allen Chung, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Robert Raffai
• Abstract 443: Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) Improves the Isolation Efficiency of Exosomes for their use in Atherosclerosis Research.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2018 Phat Duong, Allen Chung, David K Wong, Kang Li, King Y Hong, Laura Bouchareychas, Robert L Raffai
• Advances, challenges, and opportunities in extracellular RNA biology: insights from the NIH exRNA Strategic Workshop.
  JCI insight 2018 Li K, Rodosthenous RS, Kashanchi F, Gingeras T, Gould SJ, Kuo LS, Kurre P, Lee H, Leonard JN, Liu H, Lombo TB, Momma S, Nolan JP, Ochocinska MJ, Pegtel DM, Sadovsky Y, Sánchez-Madrid F, Valdes KM, …
• Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC): A Refined and High Performance Method for the Isolation, Characterization, and Use of Exosomes.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2018 Li K, Wong DK, Hong KY, Raffai RL
• Isolation of Plasma Lipoproteins as a Source of Extracellular RNA.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2018 Li K, Wong DK, Luk FS, Kim RY, Raffai RL
• Therapeutic control of systemic inflammation & atherosclerosis with ApoE-polarized macrophage exosomes.
  Atherosclerosis 2017 Robert Raffai, Kang Li, David Wong, Justin Hong
• Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance evaluation of renal ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model.
  NMR in biomedicine 2017 Baligand C, Qin H, True-Yasaki A, Gordon JW, von Morze C, Santos JD, Wilson DM, Raffai R, Cowley PM, Baker AJ, Kurhanewicz J, Lovett DH, Wang ZJ
• An intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 isoform induces tubular regulated necrosis: implications for acute kidney injury.
  American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 2017 Ceron CS, Baligand C, Joshi S, Wanga S, Cowley PM, Walker JP, Song SH, Mahimkar R, Baker AJ, Raffai RL, Wang ZJ, Lovett DH
• Extending gene ontology in the context of extracellular RNA and vesicle communication.
  Journal of biomedical semantics 2016 Cheung KH, Keerthikumar S, Roncaglia P, Subramanian SL, Roth ME, Samuel M, Anand S, Gangoda L, Gould S, Alexander R, Galas D, Gerstein MB, Hill AF, Kitchen RR, Lötvall J, Patel T, Procaccini DC, …
• Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Enhances the Apoptosis Induced by Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Endothelial Progenitor Cells.
  Journal of vascular research 2016 Tie G, Yan J, Messina JA, Raffai RL, Messina LM
• Immunosuppression With FTY720 Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction in Hypomorphic ApoE Mice Deficient in SR-BI Expression That Survive Myocardial Infarction Caused by Coronary Atherosclerosis.
  Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2016 Luk FS, Kim RY, Li K, Ching D, Wong DK, Joshi SK, Imhof I, Honbo N, Hoover H, Zhu BQ, Lovett DH, Karliner JS, Raffai RL
• Abstract 17311: Molecular Memory and the Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Intracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase-2.
  Circulation 2015 David H Lovett, Stanley Luk, Lalita Uttarwar, Sunil Joshi, Robert L RAffai
• Biogenesis, delivery, and function of extracellular RNA.
  Journal of extracellular vesicles 2015 Patton JG, Franklin JL, Weaver AM, Vickers K, Zhang B, Coffey RJ, Ansel KM, Blelloch R, Goga A, Huang B, L'Etoille N, Raffai RL, Lai CP, Krichevsky AM, Mateescu B, Greiner VJ, Hunter C, Voinnet O, …
• Meeting report: discussions and preliminary findings on extracellular RNA measurement methods from laboratories in the NIH Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium.
  Journal of extracellular vesicles 2015 Laurent LC, Abdel-Mageed AB, Adelson PD, Arango J, Balaj L, Breakefield X, Carlson E, Carter BS, Majem B, Chen CC, Cocucci E, Danielson K, Courtright A, Das S, Abd Elmageed ZY, Enderle D, Ezrin A, …
• Apolipoprotein e e4 domain interaction in size of hippocampal subregions, density of newborn neurons, and cognitive behaviors.
  Alzheimer's & Dementia 2015 Samuel O. Adeosun, Xu Hou, Xueying Zhao, Craig Stockmeier, Tom Mosley, Baoying Zheng, Robert Raffai, Qinli Zhang, Karl H. Weisgraber, Jun Ming Wang
• Abstract 155: MicroRNA-146a Suppression of NF-?B-driven Monocyte/Macrophage Activation and Atherosclerosis is Regulated by Cellular ApoE Expression.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2015 Kang Li, Daniel Ching, Fu Sang Luk, Robert L Raffai
• Abstract 23: Immunosuppression with FTY720 Reverses Cardiac Dysfunction to Prevent Chronic Heart Failure in Mice that Survive Diet-induced Myocardial Infarction.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2015 Fu Sang Luk, Roy Y Kim, Kang Li, Daniel Ching, Sunil Joshi, Norman Honbo, Isabella Imhof, Bo-qing Zhu, David Lovett, Joel S Karliner, Robert L Raffai
• Abstract 481: Diabetic Hyperglycemia Accelerates Atherosclerosis by Driving Adaptive Immunity in Mice with Similar Hyperlipidemia.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2015 Robert L Raffai, Fu Sang Luk, Kang Li
• Apolipoprotein E enhances microRNA-146a in monocytes and macrophages to suppress nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  Circulation research 2015 Li K, Ching D, Luk FS, Raffai RL
• Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: Beyond Lipid Effects.
  Apolipoprotein Mimetics in the Management of Human Disease 2015 Robert L. Raffai
• A screen in mice uncovers repression of lipoprotein lipase by microRNA-29a as a mechanism for lipid distribution away from the liver.
  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2014 Mattis AN, Song G, Hitchner K, Kim RY, Lee AY, Sharma AD, Malato Y, McManus MT, Esau CC, Koller E, Koliwad S, Lim LP, Maher JJ, Raffai RL, Willenbring H
• The immunosuppressant FTY720 prolongs survival in a mouse model of diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
  Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2014 Wang G, Kim RY, Imhof I, Honbo N, Luk FS, Li K, Kumar N, Zhu BQ, Eberlé D, Ching D, Karliner JS, Raffai RL
• Hyperglycemia impairs atherosclerosis regression in mice.
  The American journal of pathology 2013 Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Stephens K, Raffai RL
• N-terminal truncated intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and systolic heart failure.
  PloS one 2013 Lovett DH, Mahimkar R, Raffai RL, Cape L, Zhu BQ, Jin ZQ, Baker AJ, Karliner JS
• Inducible ApoE gene repair in hypomorphic ApoE mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor promotes atheroma stabilization with a human-like lipoprotein profile.
  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2013 Eberlé D, Luk FS, Kim RY, Olivas VR, Kumar N, Posada JM, Li K, Gaudreault N, Rapp JH, Raffai RL
• Abstract 195: Apolipoprotein E Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Reducing Th1 Inflammatory Responses and by Favorably Altering Aortic Dendritic Cell Subsets in Hyperlipidemic Mice.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2013 Kang Li, Fu Sang Luk, Nikit Kumar, Roy Y Kim, Ashley Mahne, Delphine Eberle, Joseph H Rapp, Qizhi Tang, Robert L Raffai
• Abstract 375: Inducible ApoE Gene Repair in HypoE Mice Deficient in the LDL Receptor Promotes Atheroma Stabilization with a Human-like Lipoprotein Profile.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2013 Fu Sang Luk, Delphine Eberle, Roy Y Kim, Victor Olivas, Nikit Kumar, Jessica M Posada, Kang Li, Nathalie Gaudreault, Joseph H Rapp, Robert L Raffai
• Abstract 552: The Immunosuppressant FTY720 Increases Longevity and Prevents Chronic Heart Failure in HypoE Mice Deficient in the SR-BI Receptor that Survive Myocardial Infarction Caused by Diet-induced Coronary Atherosclerosis.
  Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2013 Roy Y Kim, Guanying Wang, Isabella Imhof, Norman Honbo, Fu Sang Luk, Kang Li, Nikit Kumar, Bo-qing Zhu, Delphine Eberle, Joel S Karliner, Robert L Raffai
• Apolipoprotein E regulation of myeloid cell plasticity in atherosclerosis.
  Current opinion in lipidology 2012 Raffai RL
• Macrophage-specific apoE gene repair reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in hypomorphic Apoe mice.
  PloS one 2012 Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Rapp JH, Raffai RL
• A novel intracellular isoform of matrix metalloproteinase-2 induced by oxidative stress activates innate immunity.
  PloS one 2012 Lovett DH, Mahimkar R, Raffai RL, Cape L, Maklashina E, Cecchini G, Karliner JS
• Apolipoprotein E4 domain interaction accelerates diet-induced atherosclerosis in hypomorphic Arg-61 apoe mice.
  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2012 Eberlé D, Kim RY, Luk FS, de Mochel NS, Gaudreault N, Olivas VR, Kumar N, Posada JM, Birkeland AC, Rapp JH, Raffai RL
• ApoE suppresses atherosclerosis by reducing lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes and the expression of inflammatory molecules on monocytes and vascular endothelium.
  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2011 Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Posada JM, Stephens KB, Reyes de Mochel NS, Eberlé D, Olivas VR, Kim RY, Harms MJ, Johnson S, Messina LM, Rapp JH, Raffai RL
• Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells by inactivating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway.
  Journal of vascular research 2010 Tie G, Yan J, Yang Y, Park BD, Messina JA, Raffai RL, Nowicki PT, Messina LM
• Apolipoprotein E Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Reducing Leukocyte Recruitment to Atheroma.
  The FASEB Journal 2010 Nathalie Gaudreault, Nikit Kumar, Jessica Possada, Robert Raffai
• Heparin Protects Against Septic Mortality via Apoe-Antagonism.
  Journal of Surgical Research 2010 K.I. Chuang, N. Hsu, B. Leung, N. Bien-Ly, R.L. Raffai, H.W. Harris
• High-density lipoprotein determines adult mouse cardiomyocyte fate after hypoxia-reoxygenation through lipoprotein-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate.
  American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2010 Tao R, Hoover HE, Honbo N, Kalinowski M, Alano CC, Karliner JS, Raffai R
• Diet-induced occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in scavenger receptor class B type I-deficient, hypomorphic apolipoprotein ER61 mice.
  Circulation 2005 Zhang S, Picard MH, Vasile E, Zhu Y, Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH, Krieger M
• VEGF is crucial for the hepatic vascular development required for lipoprotein uptake.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2005 Carpenter B, Lin Y, Stoll S, Raffai RL, McCuskey R, Wang R
• Apolipoprotein E promotes the regression of atherosclerosis independently of lowering plasma cholesterol levels.
  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2004 Raffai RL, Loeb SM, Weisgraber KH
• Antibody phenotyping test for the human apolipoprotein E2 isoform.
  Clinical chemistry 2003 Raffaï RL, McPherson R, Weisgraber KH, Innerarity TL, Rassart E, Bersot TP, Milne RW
• Cholesterol: from heart attacks to Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal of lipid research 2003 Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH
• Hepatocyte-derived ApoE is more effective than non-hepatocyte-derived ApoE in remnant lipoprotein clearance.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Raffaï RL, Hasty AH, Wang Y, Mettler SE, Sanan DA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Weisgraber KH
• 3P-0878 A mouse model to study the role of ApoE in atherosclerosis regression and plaque vulnerability in peripheral arterial disease.
  Atherosclerosis Supplements 2003 R. Raffai, S. Loeb, K. Weisgraber
• Hypomorphic apolipoprotein E mice: a new model of conditional gene repair to examine apolipoprotein E-mediated metabolism.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2002 Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH
• Periplasmic expression and purification of recombinant Fabs.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2002 Raffaï RL
• Introduction of human apolipoprotein E4 "domain interaction" into mouse apolipoprotein E.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 Raffai RL, Dong LM, Farese RV, Weisgraber KH
• New insights into the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding activity of apolipoprotein E.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2001 Libeu CP, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Wehrli S, Hernáiz MJ, Capila I, Linhardt RJ, Raffaï RL, Newhouse YM, Zhou F, Weisgraber KH
• Binding of an antibody mimetic of the human low density lipoprotein receptor to apolipoprotein E is governed through electrostatic forces. Studies using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Raffaï R, Weisgraber KH, MacKenzie R, Rupp B, Rassart E, Hirama T, Innerarity TL, Milne R
• Bacterial expression and purification of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody specific for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-binding site of human apolipoprotein E.
  Protein expression and purification 1999 Raffaï R, Vukmirica J, Weisgraber KH, Rassart E, Innerarity TL, Milne R
• Structure of a monoclonal 2E8 Fab antibody fragment specific for the low-density lipoprotein-receptor binding region of apolipoprotein E refined at 1.9 A.
  Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 1999 Trakhanov S, Parkin S, Raffaï R, Milne R, Newhouse YM, Weisgraber KH, Rupp B
• Molecular characterization of two monoclonal antibodies specific for the LDL receptor-binding site of human apolipoprotein E.
  Journal of lipid research 1995 Raffai R, Maurice R, Weisgraber K, Innerarity T, Wang X, MacKenzie R, Hirama T, Watson D, Rassart E, Milne R
• Determination of the fine specificity and molecular cloning of two monoclonal antibodies directed against the receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E.
  Atherosclerosis 1994 R. Raffai¨, E. Rassart, K. Weisgraber, T. Innerarity, R. Milne