Robert Gould, DSc
Professor Emeritus
Radiology
School of Medicine

He completed his MS in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and he received his ScD in Medical Physics from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was appointed to the faculty in the Department of Radiology at UCSF in 1977.

Dr. Gould is also the Director of the Laboratory of Radiologic Informatics, which is responsible for the department’s Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). In this capacity, he has helped implement methods for recording of patient dose. He is currently involved in a Department project to install a Decision Support system that could potentially decrease patient radiation exposure by reducing unnecessary procedures and providing the referring clinician with alternative imaging methods that do not use ionizing radiation.

He is a member of the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Operations Committee, Safety Committee and Radiation Oversight Committee. He is a member of UCSF Campus Radiation Safety Committee and Radioactive Drug Research Committee. Additionally, Dr. Gould is a member of the Medical Center Radiation Protection Committee. By serving on these Committees, he has been involved in radiation safety issues within the Department of Radiology, the Medical Center and the UCSF Campus. Dr. Gould has been involved in efforts to monitor and minimize radiation exposure to personnel involved in the use and delivery of radiation in clinical and research environments and in efforts to monitor and minimize exposure to patients undergoing an imaging procedure. These efforts have included the development of guidelines and standards for radiation use and quality improvement projects designed to reduce patient dose.

Expertise: Radiological Informatics

Specialty: Informatics, technology and capital projects

Professional Interests: Medical physics, PACS, digital imaging, radiological informatics, digital mammography, CT, dual energy CT, x-ray detector technology

Education and Training:

• Bachelor of Art: College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio - Chemistry
• Masters of Science: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia - Biomedical Engineering
• Doctor of Science: Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts - Medical Physics

HONORS AND AWARDS Chairman of the Board, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2003 Third Vice President, Radiological Society of North America, 2003 President, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 2002 Fellow, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 1999 Editor's Certificate of Recognition, RadioGraphics, 1998

• Radiation Dose Reduction during Uterine Fibroid Embolization Using an Optimized Imaging Platform.
  Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2017 Kohlbrenner R, Kolli KP, Taylor AG, Kohi MP, Lehrman ED, Fidelman N, Conrad M, LaBerge JM, Kerlan RK, Gould R
• An Image-Domain Contrast Material Extraction Method for Dual-Energy Computed Tomography.
  Investigative radiology 2017 Lambert JW, Sun Y, Gould RG, Ohliger MA, Li Z, Yeh BM
• Reduction of peristalsis-related gastrointestinal streak artifacts with dual-energy CT: a patient and phantom study.
  Abdominal radiology (New York) 2016 Winklhofer S, Lambert JW, Wang ZJ, Sun Y, Gould RG, Zagoria RJ, Yeh BM
• Predictors of CT Radiation Dose and Their Effect on Patient Care: A Comprehensive Analysis Using Automated Data.
  Radiology 2016 Smith-Bindman R, Wang Y, Nelson TR, Moghadassi M, Wilson N, Gould R, Seibert A, Boone JM, Krishnam M, Lamba R, Hall DJ, Miglioretti DL
• Evaluation of a Net Dose-Reducing Organ-Based Tube Current Modulation Technique: Comparison With Standard Dose and Bismuth-Shielded Acquisitions.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2016 Lambert JW, Gould RG
• How Much Does Lead Shielding during Fluoroscopy Reduce Radiation Dose to Out-of-Field Body Parts?
  Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences 2016 Phelps AS, Gould RG, Courtier JL, Marcovici PA, Salani C, MacKenzie JD
• Image quality and dose optimisation for infant CT using a paediatric phantom.
  European radiology 2015 Lambert JW, Phelps AS, Courtier JL, Gould RG, MacKenzie JD
• Patient Radiation Dose Reduction during Transarterial Chemoembolization Using a Novel X-Ray Imaging Platform.
  Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2015 Kohlbrenner R, Kolli KP, Taylor AG, Kohi MP, Fidelman N, LaBerge JM, Kerlan RK, Agarwal VK, Lehrman ED, Nanavati S, Avrin DE, Gould R
• Radiation Doses in Consecutive CT Examinations from Five University of California Medical Centers.
  Radiology 2015 Smith-Bindman R, Moghadassi M, Wilson N, Nelson TR, Boone JM, Cagnon CH, Gould R, Hall DJ, Krishnam M, Lamba R, McNitt-Gray M, Seibert A, Miglioretti DL
• Radiation dose metrics in CT: assessing dose using the National Quality Forum CT patient safety measure.
  Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2014 Keegan J, Miglioretti DL, Gould R, Donnelly LF, Wilson ND, Smith-Bindman R
• Techniques and tactics for optimizing CT dose in adults and children: state of the art and future advances.
  Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2014 Lambert J, MacKenzie JD, Cody DD, Gould R
• Radiation dose reduction in intra-arterial chemotherapy infusion for intraocular retinoblastoma.
  Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2014 Cooke DL, Stout CE, Kim WT, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Gould RG
• Myocardial blood flow measurement with a conventional dual-head SPECT/CT with spatiotemporal iterative reconstructions - a clinical feasibility study.
  American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2013 Alhassen F, Nguyen N, Bains S, Gould RG, Seo Y, Bacharach SL, Song X, Shao L, Gullberg GT, Aparici CM
• Template-driven computed tomography radiation dose reporting: implementation of a radiology housestaff quality improvement project.
  Academic radiology 2013 Yu JP, Kansagra AP, Naeger DM, Gould RG, Coakley FV
• Point/counterpoint.The use of bismuth breast shields for CT should be discouraged.
  Medical physics 2012 McCollough CH, Wang J, Gould RG, Orton CG
• Temperature dependent operation of PSAPD-based compact gamma camera for SPECT imaging.
  IEEE transactions on nuclear science 2011 Kim S, McClish M, Alhassen F, Seo Y, Shah KS, Gould RG
• Depth-of-Interaction Compensation Using a Focused-Cut Scintillator for a Pinhole Gamma Camera.
  IEEE transactions on nuclear science 2011 Alhassen F, Kudrolli H, Singh B, Kim S, Seo Y, Gould RG, Nagarkar VV
• Positive enteric contrast material for abdominal and pelvic CT with automatic exposure control: what is the effect on patient radiation exposure?
  European journal of radiology 2011 Wang ZJ, Chen KS, Gould R, Coakley FV, Fu Y, Yeh BM
• CT radiation dose: what can you do right now in your practice?
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2011 Coakley FV, Gould R, Yeh BM, Arenson RL
• Multi-Material Decomposition using Low-Current X-Ray and a Photon-Counting CZT Detector.
  IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium conference record. Nuclear Science Symposium 2011 Kim S, Hernandez A, Alhassen F, Pivovaroff M, Cho HM, Gould RG, Seo Y
• Phantom experiments on a PSAPD-based compact gamma camera with submillimeter spatial resolution for small animal SPECT.
  IEEE transactions on nuclear science 2010 Kim S, McClish M, Alhassen F, Seo Y, Shah KS, Gould RG
• Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer.
  Archives of internal medicine 2009 Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, Berrington de González A, Miglioretti DL
• Law of Large Numbers: the Theory, Applications and Technology-based Education.
  Journal of statistics education : an international journal on the teaching and learning of statistics 2009 Dinov ID, Christou N, Gould R
• Computed tomographic metal artifact reduction for the detection and quantitation of small features near large metallic implants: a comparison of published methods.
  Journal of computer assisted tomography 2008 Rinkel J, Dillon WP, Funk T, Gould R, Prevrhal S
• Radiation dose reduction strategy for CT protocols: successful implementation in neuroradiology section.
  Radiology 2008 Smith AB, Dillon WP, Lau BC, Gould R, Verdun FR, Lopez EB, Wintermark M
• Physiology of renal medullary tip hyperattenuation at unenhanced CT: urinary specific gravity and the NaCl concentration gradient.
  Radiology 2008 Hsu CT, Wang ZJ, Yu AS, Gould RG, Fu Y, Joe BN, Qayyum A, Breiman RS, Coakley FV, Yeh BM
• Gallstone detection at CT in vitro: effect of peak voltage setting.
  Radiology 2006 Chan WC, Joe BN, Coakley FV, Prien EL, Gould RG, Prevrhal S, Barber WC, Kirkwood KS, Qayyum A, Yeh BM
• Alcohol use, comorbidity, and mortality.
  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 Moore AA, Giuli L, Gould R, Hu P, Zhou K, Reuben D, Greendale G, Karlamangla A
• Longitudinal patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in the United States.
  American journal of public health 2005 Moore AA, Gould R, Reuben DB, Greendale GA, Carter MK, Zhou K, Karlamangla A
• Symptoms of depression and anxiety (MHI) following acute medical/surgical hospitalization and post-discharge psychiatric diagnoses (DSM) in 839 geriatric US veterans.
  International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2004 Gerson S, Mistry R, Bastani R, Blow F, Gould R, Llorente M, Maxwell A, Moye J, Olsen E, Rohrbaugh R, Rosansky J, Van Stone W, Jarvik L
• Measuring medical burden using CIRS in older veterans enrolled in UPBEAT, a psychogeriatric treatment program: a pilot study.
  The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2004 Mistry R, Gokhman I, Bastani R, Gould R, Jimenez E, Maxwell A, McDermott C, Rosansky J, Van Stone W, Jarvik L, UPBEAT Collaborative Group
• Workflow assessment of digital versus computed radiography and screen-film in the outpatient environment.
  Journal of digital imaging 2002 Andriole KP, Luth DM, Gould RG
• Focal liver lesions: characterization with nonenhanced and dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging.
  Radiology 1994 Hamm B, Thoeni RF, Gould RG, Bernardino ME, Lüning M, Saini S, Mahfouz AE, Taupitz M, Wolf KJ
• [Cine-CT: a new procedure in x-ray computed tomography].
  Rontgenpraxis; Zeitschrift fur radiologische Technik 1988 Jaschke W, Lipton MJ, Gould RG, Georgi M
• Measurement of right and left ventricular volumes in healthy individuals with cine MR imaging.
  Radiology 1987 Sechtem U, Pflugfelder PW, Gould RG, Cassidy MM, Higgins CB
• High-resolution CT of the lungs: an optimal approach.
  Radiology 1987 Mayo JR, Webb WR, Gould R, Stein MG, Bass I, Gamsu G, Goldberg HI
• Measurement of renal blood flow by cine computed tomography.
  Kidney international 1987 Jaschke W, Cogan MG, Sievers R, Gould R, Lipton MJ
• Flow measurements with a high-speed computed tomography scanner.
  Medical physics 1987 Jaschke W, Gould RG, Assimakopoulos PA, Lipton MJ
• Cine MR imaging: potential for the evaluation of cardiovascular function.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 1987 Sechtem U, Pflugfelder PW, White RD, Gould RG, Holt W, Lipton MJ, Higgins CB
• Quantitation of regional myocardial function by cine computed tomography: pharmacologic changes in wall thickness.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1986 Lanzer P, Garrett J, Lipton MJ, Gould R, Sievers R, O'Connell W, Botvinick E, Higgins CB
• Cine-CT of the temporomandibular joint.
  Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice 1986 Helms CA, Gillespy T, Gould RG, Ware WH
• High-speed (cine) computed tomography of the heart.
  Cardiovascular clinics 1986 Farmer D, Lipton MJ, Gould R, Higgins CB
• Feasibility, reliability, and advantage of utilizing low contrast dose digital subtraction ventriculography in a conventional catheterization laboratory.
  American heart journal 1985 Denardo SJ, Anderson DJ, Gould RG, Lipton MJ, Brundage BH, Ports TA
• Optimal iodine concentration in digital subtraction arteriography.
  Investigative radiology 1984 Norman D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Gould RG, Newton TH
• Direct magnification radiography of the newborn infant.
  Radiology 1982 Brasch RC, Gould RG
• In vivo demonstration of small intestinal villi in dogs and monkeys using radiographic magnification.
  Radiology 1982 Goldberg HI, Gould R, Rosenquist J, Royal S, Owen RL, Silverman S
• Follow-up of Wilms tumor: comparison of CT with other imaging procedures.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 1981 Brasch RC, Randel SB, Gould RG
• Quantitative and qualitative comparison of two microfocus-tube imaging systems.
  Radiology 1981 Gould RG, Genant HK
• Objective performance measurements versus perceived image quality in intensified fluoroscopic or photospot images.
  Radiology 1980 Gould RG, Belanger B, Goldberg HI, Moss A
• The fork-lift infant elevator for neonatal magnification radiography.
  Radiology 1980 Brasch RC, Gould RG
• Noise characteristics of a microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier.
  Medical physics 1978 Gould RG, Judy PF, Bjärngard BE
• Image resolution of a microchannel plate x-ray image intensifier.
  Medical physics 1978 Gould RG
• A comparison of fluoroscopically controlled patient positioning and conventional positioning, including comparative dosimetry.
  Radiology 1977 Leeming BW, Hames OS, Gould RG, Locke E