Michael German, MD
Professor
Diabetes Center
School of Medicine

He cares for patients in the Diabetes Clinic and hospital wards, teaches medical students, graduate students and housestaff, and lectures at the Diabetes Center’s patient self-management courses. His group studies the formation, turnover and function of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, how these processes break down in diabetes, hypoglycemia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and the translation of this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies for these disorders.

• Diabetes With Multiple Autoimmune and Inflammatory Conditions Linked to an Activating SKAP2 Mutation.
  Diabetes care 2021 Rutsch N, Chamberlain CE, Dixon W, Spector L, Letourneau-Freiberg LR, Lwin WW, Philipson LH, Zarbock A, Saintus K, Wang J, German MS, Anderson MS, Lowell CA
• Identification of novel, clinically correlated autoantigens in the monogenic autoimmune syndrome APS1 by proteome-wide PhIP-Seq.
  eLife 2020 Vazquez SE, Ferré EM, Scheel DW, Sunshine S, Miao B, Mandel-Brehm C, Quandt Z, Chan AY, Cheng M, German M, Lionakis M, DeRisi JL, Anderson MS
• Lactation improves pancreatic β cell mass and function through serotonin production.
  Science translational medicine 2020 Moon JH, Kim H, Kim H, Park J, Choi W, Choi W, Hong HJ, Ro HJ, Jun S, Choi SH, Banerjee RR, Shong M, Cho NH, Kim SK, German MS, Jang HC, Kim H
• Null mutations of NEUROG3 are associated with delayed-onset diabetes mellitus.
  JCI insight 2020 Solorzano-Vargas RS, Bjerknes M, Wang J, Wu SV, Garcia-Careaga MG, Pitukcheewanont P, Cheng H, German MS, Georgia S, Martín MG
• The Need for Precision Medicine to be Applied to Diabetes.
  Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020 Klonoff DC, Florez JC, German M, Fleming A
• Serotonin Regulates Adult β-Cell Mass by Stimulating Perinatal β-Cell Proliferation.
  Diabetes 2019 Moon JH, Kim YG, Kim K, Osonoi S, Wang S, Saunders DC, Wang J, Yang K, Kim H, Lee J, Jeong JS, Banerjee RR, Kim SK, Wu Y, Mizukami H, Powers AC, German MS, Kim H
• Elastase 3B mutation links to familial pancreatitis with diabetes and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2019 Moore PC, Cortez JT, Chamberlain CE, Alba D, Berger AC, Quandt Z, Chan A, Cheng MH, Bautista JL, Peng J, German MS, Anderson MS, Oakes SA
• A Patient-derived Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Identifies Sapanisertib as a Possible New Treatment for Everolimus-resistant Tumors.
  Molecular cancer therapeutics 2018 Chamberlain CE, German MS, Yang K, Wang J, VanBrocklin H, Regan M, Shokat KM, Ducker GS, Kim GE, Hann B, Donner DB, Warren RS, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Lee D, Wang Y, Nakakura EK
• A Genetic Interaction Map of Insulin Production Identifies Mfi as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Fission.
  Endocrinology 2018 Lee J, Pappalardo Z, Chopra DG, Hennings TG, Vaughn I, Lan C, Choe JJ, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, McManus MT, German MS, Ku GM
• (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives.
  Physiological reviews 2018 Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H
• Ectopic serotonin production in β-cell specific transgenic mice.
  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2017 Kim H, Kim H, Kim K, German MS, Kim H
• A new familial form of a late-onset, persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy caused by a novel mutation in KCNJ11.
  Channels (Austin, Tex.) 2017 Yang YY, Long RK, Ferrara CT, Gitelman SE, German MS, Yang SB
• Effects of Biotin Supplementation During the First Week Postweaning Increases Pancreatic Islet Area, Beta-Cell Proportion, Islets Number, and Beta-Cell Proliferation.
  Journal of medicinal food 2017 Tixi-Verdugo W, Contreras-Ramos J, Sicilia-Argumedo G, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C
• Human pancreatic neuro-insular network in health and fatty infiltration.
  Diabetologia 2017 Tang SC, Baeyens L, Shen CN, Peng SJ, Chien HJ, Scheel DW, Chamberlain CE, German MS
• Effects of dietary biotin supplementation on glucagon production, secretion, and action.
  Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2017 Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, Tixi-Verdugo W, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Araiza I, German MS, Fernandez-Mejia C
• A Whole-Genome RNA Interference Screen Reveals a Role for Spry2 in Insulin Transcription and the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Diabetes 2017 Pappalardo Z, Gambhir Chopra D, Hennings TG, Richards H, Choe J, Yang K, Baeyens L, Ang K, Chen S, Arkin M, German MS, McManus MT, Ku GM
• β-Cell adaptation in pregnancy.
  Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2016 Baeyens L, Hindi S, Sorenson RL, German MS
• A Path to Insulin Independence: "The End of the Beginning".
  Cell stem cell 2016 Stock PG, German MS
• Generation of a Conditional Allele of the Transcription Factor Atonal Homolog 8 (Atoh8).
  PloS one 2016 Ejarque M, Mir-Coll J, Gomis R, German MS, Lynn FC, Gasa R
• Activation of GLP-1 and gastrin signalling induces in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells into beta cells in mice.
  Diabetologia 2015 Sasaki S, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Takahara M, Yamamoto Y, Yasuda T, Kaneto H, Fujitani Y, German MS, Akiyama H, Watada H, Shimomura I
• Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary.
  Developmental biology 2015 Faire M, Skillern A, Arora R, Nguyen DH, Wang J, Chamberlain C, German MS, Fung JC, Laird DJ
• Gαi/o-coupled receptor signaling restricts pancreatic β-cell expansion.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 Berger M, Scheel DW, Macias H, Miyatsuka T, Kim H, Hoang P, Ku GM, Honig G, Liou A, Tang Y, Regard JB, Sharifnia P, Yu L, Wang J, Coughlin SR, Conklin BR, Deneris ES, Tecott LH, German MS
• Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells to β-like cells.
  Cell death and differentiation 2014 Lemper M, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H, Bouwens L, Baeyens L
• Functional role of serotonin in insulin secretion in a diet-induced insulin-resistant state.
  Endocrinology 2014 Kim K, Oh CM, Ohara-Imaizumi M, Park S, Namkung J, Yadav VK, Tamarina NA, Roe MW, Philipson LH, Karsenty G, Nagamatsu S, German MS, Kim H
• Use of copolymer polylactic and polyglycolic acid resorbable plates in repair of orbital floor fractures.
  Facial plastic surgery : FPS 2014 Lin J, German M, Wong B
• Allosteric inhibition of the IRE1α RNase preserves cell viability and function during endoplasmic reticulum stress.
  Cell 2014 Ghosh R, Wang L, Wang ES, Perera BG, Igbaria A, Morita S, Prado K, Thamsen M, Caswell D, Macias H, Weiberth KF, Gliedt MJ, Alavi MV, Hari SB, Mitra AK, Bhhatarai B, Schürer SC, Snapp EL, Gould DB, …
• Chronological analysis with fluorescent timer reveals unique features of newly generated β-cells.
  Diabetes 2014 Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Sasaki S, Kubo F, Shimomura I, Watada H, German MS, Hara M
• Serotonin regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells during pregnancy.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013 Ohara-Imaizumi M, Kim H, Yoshida M, Fujiwara T, Aoyagi K, Toyofuku Y, Nakamichi Y, Nishiwaki C, Okamura T, Uchida T, Fujitani Y, Akagawa K, Kakei M, Watada H, German MS, Nagamatsu S
• Anonymous sources: where do adult β cells come from?
  The Journal of clinical investigation 2013 German MS
• Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic β-cell transcriptome.
  Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2012 Ku GM, Kim H, Vaughn IW, Hangauer MJ, Myung Oh C, German MS, McManus MT
• Effects of biotin supplementation in the diet on insulin secretion, islet gene expression, glucose homeostasis and beta-cell proportion.
  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2012 Lazo de la Vega-Monroy ML, Larrieta E, German MS, Baez-Saldana A, Fernandez-Mejia C
• Adenosine signaling promotes regeneration of pancreatic β cells in vivo.
  Cell metabolism 2012 Andersson O, Adams BA, Yoo D, Ellis GC, Gut P, Anderson RM, German MS, Stainier DY
• An siRNA screen in pancreatic beta cells reveals a role for Gpr27 in insulin production.
  PLoS genetics 2012 Ku GM, Pappalardo Z, Luo CC, German MS, McManus MT
• Convergence of the insulin and serotonin programs in the pancreatic β-cell.
  Diabetes 2011 Ohta Y, Kosaka Y, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Smith SB, Honig G, Kim H, Gasa RM, Neubauer N, Liou A, Tecott LH, Deneris ES, German MS
• Novel role for SGK3 in glucose homeostasis revealed in SGK3/Akt2 double-null mice.
  Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2011 Yao LJ, McCormick JA, Wang J, Yang KY, Kidwai A, Colussi GL, Boini KM, Birnbaum MJ, Lang F, German MS, Pearce D
• Association of variations in TPH1 and HTR2B with gestational weight gain and measures of obesity.
  Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011 Kwak SH, Park BL, Kim H, German MS, Go MJ, Jung HS, Koo BK, Cho YM, Choi SH, Cho YS, Shin HD, Jang HC, Park KS
• Chromatin insulator elements block transgene silencing in engineered human embryonic stem cell lines at a defined chromosome 13 locus.
  Stem cells and development 2011 Macarthur CC, Xue H, Van Hoof D, Lieu PT, Dudas M, Fontes A, Swistowski A, Touboul T, Seerke R, Laurent LC, Loring JF, German MS, Zeng X, Rao MS, Lakshmipathy U, Chesnut JD, Liu Y
• Effects of biotin deficiency on pancreatic islet morphology, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2011 Larrieta E, Vega-Monroy ML, Vital P, Aguilera A, German MS, Hafidi ME, Fernandez-Mejia C
• Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endoderm in patterned size-controlled clusters.
  Stem cell research 2011 Van Hoof D, Mendelsohn AD, Seerke R, Desai TA, German MS
• Neurogenin3 inhibits proliferation in endocrine progenitors by inducing Cdkn1a.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 Miyatsuka T, Kosaka Y, Kim H, German MS
• A mouse model for monitoring islet cell genesis and developing therapies for diabetes.
  Disease models & mechanisms 2010 Shimajiri Y, Kosaka Y, Scheel DW, Lynn FC, Kishimoto N, Wang J, Zhao S, German MS
• Precise pattern of recombination in serotonergic and hypothalamic neurons in a Pdx1-cre transgenic mouse line.
  Journal of biomedical science 2010 Honig G, Liou A, Berger M, German MS, Tecott LH
• Dachshund homologues play a conserved role in islet cell development.
  Developmental biology 2010 Kalousova A, Mavropoulos A, Adams BA, Nekrep N, Li Z, Krauss S, Stainier DY, German MS
• The ETS oncogene family transcription factor FEV identifies serotonin-producing cells in normal and neoplastic small intestine.
  Endocrine-related cancer 2010 Wang YC, Zuraek MB, Kosaka Y, Ota Y, German MS, Deneris ES, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK
• Rfx6 directs islet formation and insulin production in mice and humans.
  Nature 2010 Smith SB, Qu HQ, Taleb N, Kishimoto NY, Scheel DW, Lu Y, Patch AM, Grabs R, Wang J, Lynn FC, Miyatsuka T, Mitchell J, Seerke R, Désir J, Vanden Eijnden S, Abramowicz M, Kacet N, Weill J, Renard ME, …
• Current status of islet cell replacement and regeneration therapy.
  The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2010 Halban PA, German MS, Kahn SE, Weir GC
• Derivation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells.
  Stem cell research 2009 Van Hoof D, D'Amour KA, German MS
• Chronology of islet differentiation revealed by temporal cell labeling.
  Diabetes 2009 Miyatsuka T, Li Z, German MS
• Notch signaling as gatekeeper of rat acinar-to-beta-cell conversion in vitro.
  Gastroenterology 2009 Baeyens L, Bonné S, Bos T, Rooman I, Peleman C, Lahoutte T, German M, Heimberg H, Bouwens L
• The role of Lmx1a in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into midbrain dopamine neurons in culture and after transplantation into a Parkinson's disease model.
  Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 2009 Cai J, Donaldson A, Yang M, German MS, Enikolopov G, Iacovitti L
• Homeodomain transcription factor NKX2.2 functions in immature cells to control enteroendocrine differentiation and is expressed in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
  Endocrine-related cancer 2008 Wang YC, Gallego-Arteche E, Iezza G, Yuan X, Matli MR, Choo SP, Zuraek MB, Gogia R, Lynn FC, German MS, Bergsland EK, Donner DB, Warren RS, Nakakura EK
• New beta-cells from old acini.
  Nature biotechnology 2008 German MS
• Mouse let-7 miRNA populations exhibit RNA editing that is constrained in the 5'-seed/ cleavage/anchor regions and stabilize predicted mmu-let-7a:mRNA duplexes.
  Genome research 2008 Reid JG, Nagaraja AK, Lynn FC, Drabek RB, Muzny DM, Shaw CA, Weiss MK, Naghavi AO, Khan M, Zhu H, Tennakoon J, Gunaratne GH, Corry DB, Miller J, McManus MT, German MS, Gibbs RA, Matzuk MM, Gunaratne …
• Identification of the bHLH factor Math6 as a novel component of the embryonic pancreas transcriptional network.
  PloS one 2008 Lynn FC, Sanchez L, Gomis R, German MS, Gasa R
• Signals from the neural crest regulate beta-cell mass in the pancreas.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2008 Nekrep N, Wang J, Miyatsuka T, German MS
• Gender and neurogenin3 influence the pathogenesis of ketosis-prone diabetes.
  Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2007 Louet JF, Smith SB, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Virally ML, Kevorkian JP, Guillausseau PJ, Vexiau P, Charpentier G, German MS, Vaisse C, Urbanek M, Mauvais-Jarvis F
• Regulated beta-cell regeneration in the adult mouse pancreas.
  Diabetes 2007 Cano DA, Rulifson IC, Heiser PW, Swigart LB, Pelengaris S, German M, Evan GI, Bluestone JA, Hebrok M
• Induction of pancreatic islet cell differentiation by the neurogenin-neuroD cascade.
  Differentiation; research in biological diversity 2007 Gasa R, Mrejen C, Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Sanchez L, Yang KY, Lin CH, Gomis R, German MS
• MicroRNA expression is required for pancreatic islet cell genesis in the mouse.
  Diabetes 2007 Lynn FC, Skewes-Cox P, Kosaka Y, McManus MT, Harfe BD, German MS
• Sox9 coordinates a transcriptional network in pancreatic progenitor cells.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 Lynn FC, Smith SB, Wilson ME, Yang KY, Nekrep N, German MS
• Ngn3 expression during postnatal in vitro beta cell neogenesis induced by the JAK/STAT pathway.
  Cell death and differentiation 2006 Baeyens L, Bonné S, German MS, Ravassard P, Heimberg H, Bouwens L
• Activin A-induced expression of PAX4 in AR42J-B13 cells involves the increase in transactivation of E47/E12.
  Biochimica et biophysica acta 2006 Kanno R, Ogihara T, Igarashi Y, Tanaka Y, Smith SB, Kojima I, German MS, Kawamori R, Watada H
• The HMG box transcription factor Sox4 contributes to the development of the endocrine pancreas.
  Diabetes 2005 Wilson ME, Yang KY, Kalousova A, Lau J, Kosaka Y, Lynn FC, Wang J, Mrejen C, Episkopou V, Clevers HC, German MS
• The Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor suppresses glucagon expression and regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islet beta cells.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 Schisler JC, Jensen PB, Taylor DG, Becker TC, Knop FK, Takekawa S, German M, Weir GC, Lu D, Mirmira RG, Newgard CB
• Hedgehog signaling regulates expansion of pancreatic epithelial cells.
  Developmental biology 2005 Kawahira H, Scheel DW, Smith SB, German MS, Hebrok M
• PAX4 gene variations predispose to ketosis-prone diabetes.
  Human molecular genetics 2004 Mauvais-Jarvis F, Smith SB, Le May C, Leal SM, Gautier JF, Molokhia M, Riveline JP, Rajan AS, Kevorkian JP, Zhang S, Vexiau P, German MS, Vaisse C
• Proendocrine genes coordinate the pancreatic islet differentiation program in vitro.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 Gasa R, Mrejen C, Leachman N, Otten M, Barnes M, Wang J, Chakrabarti S, Mirmira R, German M
• MAP kinases and their roles in pancreatic beta-cells.
  Cell biochemistry and biophysics 2004 Khoo S, Gibson TB, Arnette D, Lawrence M, January B, McGlynn K, Vanderbilt CA, Griffen SC, German MS, Cobb MH
• Region-specific and stage-dependent regulation of Olig gene expression and oligodendrogenesis by Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2003 Liu R, Cai J, Hu X, Tan M, Qi Y, German M, Rubenstein J, Sander M, Qiu M
• Neurogenin3 activates the islet differentiation program while repressing its own expression.
  Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2003 Smith SB, Watada H, German MS
• Hnf6 and Tcf2 (MODY5) are linked in a gene network operating in a precursor cell domain of the embryonic pancreas.
  Human molecular genetics 2003 Maestro MA, Boj SF, Luco RF, Pierreux CE, Cabedo J, Servitja JM, German MS, Rousseau GG, Lemaigre FP, Ferrer J
• Hes6 promotes cortical neurogenesis and inhibits Hes1 transcription repression activity by multiple mechanisms.
  Molecular and cellular biology 2003 Gratton MO, Torban E, Jasmin SB, Theriault FM, German MS, Stifani S
• Activated Notch1 prevents differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells and attenuate endocrine development.
  Developmental biology 2003 Hald J, Hjorth JP, German MS, Madsen OD, Serup P, Jensen J
• The Gene Pill and its therapeutic applications.
  Current opinion in molecular therapeutics 2003 Sheu E, Rothman S, German M, Wang X, Finer M, McMahon BM
• Pdx1 expression in Irs2-deficient mouse beta-cells is regulated in a strain-dependent manner.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Suzuki R, Tobe K, Terauchi Y, Komeda K, Kubota N, Eto K, Yamauchi T, Azuma K, Kaneto H, Taguchi T, Koga T, German MS, Watada H, Kawamori R, Wright CV, Kajimoto Y, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kadowaki T
• Neurogenin3 and hepatic nuclear factor 1 cooperate in activating pancreatic expression of Pax4.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Smith SB, Gasa R, Watada H, Wang J, Griffen SC, German MS
• Regulation of insulin gene transcription by ERK1 and ERK2 in pancreatic beta cells.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Khoo S, Griffen SC, Xia Y, Baer RJ, German MS, Cobb MH
• p38 MAPK is involved in activin A- and hepatocyte growth factor-mediated expression of pro-endocrine gene neurogenin 3 in AR42J-B13 cells.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Ogihara T, Watada H, Kanno R, Ikeda F, Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Nakao A, German MS, Kojima I, Kawamori R
• Distinct gene expression programs function in progenitor and mature islet cells.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Watada H, Scheel DW, Leung J, German MS
• Gene expression cascades in pancreatic development.
  Mechanisms of development 2003 Wilson ME, Scheel D, German MS
• Neurogenin3 participates in gliogenesis in the developing vertebrate spinal cord.
  Developmental biology 2003 Lee J, Wu Y, Qi Y, Xue H, Liu Y, Scheel D, German M, Qiu M, Guillemot F, Rao M, Gradwohl G
• Expression pattern of IAPP and prohormone convertase 1/3 reveals a distinctive set of endocrine cells in the embryonic pancreas.
  Mechanisms of development 2002 Wilson ME, Kalamaras JA, German MS
• Cloning, expression and genomic structure of human LMX1A, and variant screening in Pima Indians.
  Gene 2002 Thameem F, Wolford JK, Wang J, German MS, Bogardus C, Prochazka M
• Regulation of the pancreatic pro-endocrine gene neurogenin3.
  Diabetes 2001 Lee JC, Smith SB, Watada H, Lin J, Scheel D, Wang J, Mirmira RG, German MS
• Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression.
  Endocrinology 2001 Fernandez-Mejia C, Vega-Allende J, Rojas-Ochoa A, Rodriguez-Dorantes M, Romero-Navarro G, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, German MS
• Mutations in the coding region of the neurogenin 3 gene (NEUROG3) are not a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese subjects.
  Diabetes 2001 del Bosque-Plata L, Lin J, Horikawa Y, Schwarz PE, Cox NJ, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI
• A genetic defect in beta-cell gene expression segregates independently from the fa locus in the ZDF rat.
  Diabetes 2001 Griffen SC, Wang J, German MS
• Homeobox gene Nkx6.1 lies downstream of Nkx2.2 in the major pathway of beta-cell formation in the pancreas.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2000 Sander M, Sussel L, Conners J, Scheel D, Kalamaras J, Dela Cruz F, Schwitzgebel V, Hayes-Jordan A, German M
• Autoregulation and maturity onset diabetes of the young transcription factors control the human PAX4 promoter.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Smith SB, Watada H, Scheel DW, Mrejen C, German MS
• Transcriptional and translational regulation of beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Watada H, Mirmira RG, Leung J, German MS
• beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: no evidence for diabetes-associated mutations in the gene encoding the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor neurogenic differentiation 4 (NEUROD4) in Japanese patients with MODY.
  Diabetes 2000 Horikawa Y, Horikawa Y, Cox NJ, Iwasaki N, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, Schwitzgebel V, German MS, Bell GI
• Ventral neural patterning by Nkx homeobox genes: Nkx6.1 controls somatic motor neuron and ventral interneuron fates.
  Genes & development 2000 Sander M, Paydar S, Ericson J, Briscoe J, Berber E, German M, Jessell TM, Rubenstein JL
• Intramolecular control of transcriptional activity by the NK2-specific domain in NK-2 homeodomain proteins.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 Watada H, Mirmira RG, Kalamaras J, German MS
• Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 2000 Schwitzgebel VM, Scheel DW, Conners JR, Kalamaras J, Lee JE, Anderson DJ, Sussel L, Johnson JD, German MS
• Regulation of insulin gene transcription.
  Seminars in cell & developmental biology 2000 Ohneda K, Ee H, German M
• Beta-cell differentiation factor Nkx6.1 contains distinct DNA binding interference and transcriptional repression domains.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Mirmira RG, Watada H, German MS
• LMX1B transactivation and expression in nail-patella syndrome.
  Human molecular genetics 2000 Dreyer SD, Morello R, German MS, Zabel B, Winterpacht A, Lunstrum GP, Horton WA, Oberg KC, Lee B
• The homeodomain of PDX-1 mediates multiple protein-protein interactions in the formation of a transcriptional activation complex on the insulin promoter.
  Molecular and cellular biology 2000 Ohneda K, Mirmira RG, Wang J, Johnson JD, German MS
• Paired-homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 acts as a transcriptional repressor in early pancreatic development.
  Molecular and cellular biology 1999 Smith SB, Ee HC, Conners JR, German MS
• Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin-deficient rats.
  Endocrinology 1999 Romero-Navarro G, Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Velazquez A, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C
• Effect of retinoic acid on glucokinase activity and gene expression and on insulin secretion in primary cultures of pancreatic islets.
  Endocrinology 1999 Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, Fernandez-Mejia C
• A novel glucose-responsive element in the human insulin gene functions uniquely in primary cultured islets.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 Sander M, Griffen SC, Huang J, German MS
• Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: mutations in the coding region of the BETA2/NeuroD1 (NEUROD1) and Nkx2.2 (NKX2B) genes are not associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese.
  Diabetes 1998 Furuta H, Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Sussel L, Le Beau MM, Davis EM, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI
• Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic beta cells.
  Development (Cambridge, England) 1998 Sussel L, Kalamaras J, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL, German MS
• Identification of a human LMX1 (LMX1.1)-related gene, LMX1.2: tissue-specific expression and linkage mapping on chromosome 9.
  Genomics 1997 Iannotti CA, Inoue H, Bernal E, Aoki M, Liu L, Donis-Keller H, German MS, Permutt MA
• The endocrine secretion of human insulin and growth hormone by exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract.
  Nature biotechnology 1997 Goldfine ID, German MS, Tseng HC, Wang J, Bolaffi JL, Chen JW, Olson DC, Rothman SS
• Genetic analysis reveals that PAX6 is required for normal transcription of pancreatic hormone genes and islet development.
  Genes & development 1997 Sander M, Neubüser A, Kalamaras J, Ee HC, Martin GR, German MS
• Transcriptional synergy between LIM-homeodomain proteins and basic helix-loop-helix proteins: the LIM2 domain determines specificity.
  Molecular and cellular biology 1997 Johnson JD, Zhang W, Rudnick A, Rutter WJ, German MS
• The beta cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas.
  Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 1997 Sander M, German MS
• Regulation of insulin preRNA splicing by glucose.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997 Wang J, Shen L, Najafi H, Kolberg J, Matschinsky FM, Urdea M, German M
• Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the human Nkx6.1 gene (NKX6A), a new pancreatic islet homeobox gene.
  Genomics 1997 Inoue H, Rudnick A, German MS, Veile R, Donis-Keller H, Permutt MA
• Function of the human insulin promoter in primary cultured islet cells.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 1996 Odagiri H, Wang J, German MS
• A strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel that is sensitive to ATP.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1996 Collins A, German MS, Jan YN, Jan LY, Zhao B
• The insulin gene promoter. A simplified nomenclature.
  Diabetes 1995 German M, Ashcroft S, Docherty K, Edlund H, Edlund T, Goodison S, Imura H, Kennedy G, Madsen O, Melloul D
• Cloning of rat KATP-2 channel and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1995 Stoffel M, Tokuyama Y, Trabb JB, German MS, Tsaar ML, Jan LY, Polonsky KS, Bell GI
• Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a KATP channel-like protein expressed in insulin-secreting cells, localization of the human gene to chromosome band 21q22.1, and linkage studies with NIDDM.
  Diabetes 1995 Tsaur ML, Menzel S, Lai FP, Espinosa R, Concannon P, Spielman RS, Hanis CL, Cox NJ, Le Beau MM, German MS
• The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription.
  Nature genetics 1995 Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ
• Pancreatic beta cells express a diverse set of homeobox genes.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994 Rudnick A, Ling TY, Odagiri H, Rutter WJ, German MS
• Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13.
  Genomics 1994 German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Bell GI
• The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose.
  Molecular and cellular biology 1994 German MS, Wang J
• Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 German MS
• Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeo domain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex.
  Genes & development 1992 German MS, Wang J, Chadwick RB, Rutter WJ
• The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical beta-cell nuclear complexes.
  Molecular and cellular biology 1992 German MS, Moss LG, Wang J, Rutter WJ
• Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer.
  Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 1991 German MS, Blanar MA, Nelson C, Moss LG, Rutter WJ
• Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures.
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