Graham Simmons, PhD
Professor
Laboratory Medicine
School of Medicine

We have performed a detailed molecular analysis of the entry of SARS-CoV and identified unique steps during entry that may be novel targets for antiviral therapies. We have developed new tools and assays for studying alphavirus virus entry and are adapting these to characterize ultra-potent human monoclonals for therapeutic treatment of chikungunya virus. Furthermore, we plan to characterize the entire B cell immune response to chikungunya, both following acute infection and during chronic disease. Finally, we are performing seroprevelance studies for a number of viruses, including Ebolavirus and Bas-Congo virus, in Africa.

• Generation of recombinant hyperimmune globulins from diverse B-cell repertoires.
  Nature biotechnology 2021 Keating SM, Mizrahi RA, Adams MS, Asensio MA, Benzie E, Carter KP, Chiang Y, Edgar RC, Gautam BK, Gras A, Leong J, Leong R, Lim YW, Manickam VA, Medina-Cucurella AV, Niedecken AR, Saini J, Simons JF, …
• Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns in coronavirus convalescent plasma revealed by a coronavirus antigen microarray.
  Scientific reports 2021 Assis R, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Khan S, Davies H, Corash L, Dumont LJ, Kelly K, Simmons G, Stone M, Di Germanio C, Busch M, Felgner PL
• Selecting COVID-19 convalescent plasma for neutralizing antibody potency using a high-capacity SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay.
  Transfusion 2021 Goodhue Meyer E, Simmons G, Grebe E, Gannett M, Franz S, Darst O, Di Germanio C, Stone M, Contestable P, Prichard A, Reik R, Vassallo R, Young P, Busch MP, Williamson P, Dumont LJ
• SARS-CoV-2 induces robust germinal center CD4 T follicular helper cell responses in rhesus macaques.
  Nature communications 2021 Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Elizaldi SR, Roh JW, Schmidt BA, Carroll TD, Weaver KD, Smith JC, Verma A, Deere JD, Dutra J, Stone M, Franz S, Sammak RL, Olstad KJ, Rachel Reader J, Ma ZM, Nguyen NK, Watanabe …
• Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray.
  Nature communications 2021 de Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Felgner J, Obiero JM, Norris PJ, Stone M, Simmons G, Bagri A, Irsch J, Schreiber M, Buser A, Holbro A, Battegay M, Hosimer P, Noesen C, Adenaiye O, Tai S,…
• Bispecific VH/Fab antibodies targeting neutralizing and non-neutralizing Spike epitopes demonstrate enhanced potency against SARS-CoV-2.
  mAbs 2021 Lim SA, Gramespacher JA, Pance K, Rettko NJ, Solomon P, Jin J, Lui I, Elledge SK, Liu J, Bracken CJ, Simmons G, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Wells JA
• Antigenicity, stability, and reproducibility of Zika reporter virus particles for long-term applications.
  PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020 Whitbeck JC, Thomas A, Kadash-Edmondson K, Grinyo-Escuer A, Stafford LJ, Cheng C, Liao GC, Holtsberg FW, Aman MJ, Simmons G, Davidson E, Doranz BJ
• A 3.4-Å cryo-EM structure of the human coronavirus spike trimer computationally derived from vitrified NL63 virus particles.
  2020 Kaiming Zhang, Shanshan Li, Grigore Pintilie, David Chmielewski, Michael F. Schmid, Graham Simmons, Jing Jin, Wah Chiu
• Efficacy of COVID-19 Pathogen Inactivated Convalescent Plasma for Patients with Moderate to Severe Acute COVID-19: A Case Matched Control Study.
  Blood 2020 Nina Khanna, Maja Weisser, Anemone Hedstueck, Sarah Tschudin Sutter, Sandra Roesch, Manuel Battegay, Laura Infanti, Andreas Holbro, Michael Paul Busch, Graham Simmons, Philip Felgner, Mars Stone, …
• Decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 and Other RNA Viruses from N95 Level Meltblown Polypropylene Fabric Using Heat under Different Humidities.
  ACS nano 2020 Campos RK, Jin J, Rafael GH, Zhao M, Liao L, Simmons G, Chu S, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Cui Y
• SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood.
  Nature communications 2020 Ng DL, Goldgof GM, Shy BR, Levine AG, Balcerek J, Bapat SP, Prostko J, Rodgers M, Coller K, Pearce S, Franz S, Du L, Stone M, Pillai SK, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Servellita V, Martin CSS, Granados A, …
• Evolving viral and serological stages of Zika virus RNA-positive blood donors and estimation of incidence of infection during the 2016 Puerto Rican Zika epidemic: an observational cohort study.
  The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2020 Williamson PC, Biggerstaff BJ, Simmons G, Stone M, Winkelman V, Latoni G, Alsina J, Bakkour S, Newman C, Pate LL, Galel SA, Kleinman S, Busch MP
• Zika virus RNA and IgM persistence in blood compartments and body fluids: a prospective observational study.
  The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2020 Stone M, Bakkour S, Lanteri MC, Brambilla D, Simmons G, Bruhn R, Kaidarova Z, Lee TH, Orlando Alsina J, Williamson PC, Galel SA, Pate LL, Linnen JM, Kleinman S, Busch MP, NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology …
• Seroreactivity against Marburg or related filoviruses in West and Central Africa.
  Emerging microbes & infections 2020 Steffen I, Lu K, Hoff NA, Mulembakani P, Okitolonda Wemakoy E, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndembi N, Brennan CA, Hackett J, Switzer WM, Saragosti S, Mbensa GO, Laperche S, Rimoin AW, Simmons G
• Effects of Chikungunya virus immunity on Mayaro virus disease and epidemic potential.
  Scientific reports 2019 Webb EM, Azar SR, Haller SL, Langsjoen RM, Cuthbert CE, Ramjag AT, Luo H, Plante K, Wang T, Simmons G, Carrington CVF, Weaver SC, Rossi SL, Auguste AJ
• Guanylate-Binding Proteins 2 and 5 Exert Broad Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting Furin-Mediated Processing of Viral Envelope Proteins.
  Cell reports 2019 Braun E, Hotter D, Koepke L, Zech F, Groß R, Sparrer KMJ, Müller JA, Pfaller CK, Heusinger E, Wombacher R, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Winkler M, Simmons G, Jakobsen MR, Conzelmann KK, Pöhlmann S, Münch J, …
• Serologic Prevalence of Ebola Virus in Equatorial Africa.
  Emerging infectious diseases 2019 Steffen I, Lu K, Yamamoto LK, Hoff NA, Mulembakani P, Wemakoy EO, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ndembi N, Brennan CA, Hackett J, Stramer SL, Switzer WM, Saragosti S, Mbensa GO, Laperche S, Rimoin AW, Simmons G
• Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus.
  Viruses 2019 Jin J, Simmons G
• Serologic Markers for Ebolavirus Among Healthcare Workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2019 Hoff NA, Mukadi P, Doshi RH, Bramble MS, Lu K, Gadoth A, Sinai C, Spencer D, Nicholson BP, Williams R, Mossoko M, Ilunga-Kebela B, Wasiswa J, Okitolonda-Wemakoy E, Alfonso VH, Steffen I, Muyembe-…
• Establishment of an Alphavirus-Specific Neutralization Assay to Distinguish Infections with Different Members of the Semliki Forest complex.
  Viruses 2019 Henss L, Yue C, Kandler J, Faddy HM, Simmons G, Panning M, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Baylis SA, Schnierle BS
• Pan-Filovirus Serum Neutralizing Antibodies in a Subset of Congolese Ebolavirus Infection Survivors.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2018 Bramble MS, Hoff N, Gilchuk P, Mukadi P, Lu K, Doshi RH, Steffen I, Nicholson BP, Lipson A, Vashist N, Sinai C, Spencer D, Olinger G, Wemakoy EO, Illunga BK, Pettitt J, Logue J, Marchand J, Varughese …
• Susceptibility of Chikungunya Virus to Inactivation by Heat and Commercially and World Health Organization-Recommended Biocides.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2018 Franz S, Friesland M, Passos V, Todt D, Simmons G, Goffinet C, Steinmann E
• Neutralizing Antibodies Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Budding at the Plasma Membrane.
  Cell host & microbe 2018 Jin J, Galaz-Montoya JG, Sherman MB, Sun SY, Goldsmith CS, O'Toole ET, Ackerman L, Carlson LA, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Simmons G
• An attenuated replication-competent chikungunya virus with a fluorescently tagged envelope.
  PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018 Jin J, Sherman MB, Chafets D, Dinglasan N, Lu K, Lee TH, Carlson LA, Muench MO, Simmons G
• Arbovirus Diagnostics: From Bad to Worse due to Expanding Dengue Virus Vaccination and Zika Virus Epidemics.
  Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018 Simmons G, Stone M, Busch MP
• Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40 Years after Infection.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2018 Rimoin AW, Lu K, Bramble MS, Steffen I, Doshi RH, Hoff NA, Mukadi P, Nicholson BP, Alfonso VH, Olinger G, Sinai C, Yamamoto LK, Ramirez CM, Okitolonda Wemakoy E, Kebela Illunga B, Pettitt J, Logue J, …
• Distinguishing Secondary Dengue Virus Infection From Zika Virus Infection With Previous Dengue by a Combination of 3 Simple Serological Tests.
  Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2017 Tsai WY, Youn HH, Brites C, Tsai JJ, Tyson J, Pedroso C, Drexler JF, Stone M, Simmons G, Busch MP, Lanteri M, Stramer SL, Balmaseda A, Harris E, Wang WK
• First cases of Zika virus-infected US blood donors outside states with areas of active transmission.
  Transfusion 2017 Williamson PC, Linnen JM, Kessler DA, Shaz BH, Kamel H, Vassallo RR, Winkelman V, Gao K, Ziermann R, Menezes J, Thomas S, Holmberg JA, Bakkour S, Stone M, Lu K, Simmons G, Busch MP
• Zika Virus Tissue and Blood Compartmentalization in Acute Infection of Rhesus Macaques.
  PloS one 2017 Coffey LL, Pesavento PA, Keesler RI, Singapuri A, Watanabe J, Watanabe R, Yee J, Bliss-Moreau E, Cruzen C, Christe KL, Reader JR, von Morgenland W, Gibbons AM, Allen AM, Linnen J, Gao K, Delwart E, …
• Higher Serum Alanine Transaminase Levels in Male Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator-Transgenic Mice Are Associated With Improved Engraftment of Hepatocytes but not Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells.
  Cell medicine 2016 Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Publicover J, Lu K, Bakkour S, Simmons G, Muench MO
• High Incidence of Chikungunya Virus and Frequency of Viremic Blood Donations during Epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014.
  Emerging infectious diseases 2016 Simmons G, Brès V, Lu K, Liss NM, Brambilla DJ, Ryff KR, Bruhn R, Velez E, Ocampo D, Linnen JM, Latoni G, Petersen LR, Williamson PC, Busch MP
• Inhibitory Antibodies Targeting Emerging Viruses: Advancements and Mechanisms.
  Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2016 Jin J, Simmons G
• Duration of Dengue Viremia in Blood Donors and Relationships Between Donor Viremia, Infection Incidence and Clinical Case Reports During a Large Epidemic.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2016 Busch MP, Sabino EC, Brambilla D, Lopes ME, Capuani L, Chowdhury D, McClure C, Linnen JM, Prince H, Simmons G, Lee TH, Kleinman S, Custer B, International Component of the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology…
• Pseudotyping Viral Vectors With Emerging Virus Envelope Proteins.
  Current gene therapy 2016 Steffen I, Simmons G
• Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Chikungunya Virus Entry and Release by Targeting an Epitope Critical to Viral Pathogenesis.
  Cell reports 2015 Jin J, Liss NM, Chen DH, Liao M, Fox JM, Shimak RM, Fong RH, Chafets D, Bakkour S, Keating S, Fomin ME, Muench MO, Sherman MB, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Simmons G
• Broadly Neutralizing Alphavirus Antibodies Bind an Epitope on E2 and Inhibit Entry and Egress.
  Cell 2015 Fox JM, Long F, Edeling MA, Lin H, van Duijl-Richter MKS, Fong RH, Kahle KM, Smit JM, Jin J, Simmons G, Doranz BJ, Crowe JE, Fremont DH, Rossmann MG, Diamond MS
• Coronaviruses.
  eLS 2015 Imke Steffen, Graham Simmons
• Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-Mediated Inhibition of Host Cell Entry of Ebolaviruses.
  The Journal of infectious diseases 2015 Wrensch F, Karsten CB, Gnirß K, Hoffmann M, Lu K, Takada A, Winkler M, Simmons G, Pöhlmann S
• EMERGING RHABDOVIRUSES.
  Biology and Pathogenesis of Rhabdo- and Filoviruses 2015 Imke Steffen, Graham Simmons
• Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry.
  Antiviral research 2015 Zhou Y, Vedantham P, Lu K, Agudelo J, Carrion R, Nunneley JW, Barnard D, Pöhlmann S, McKerrow JH, Renslo AR, Simmons G
• Human keratinocytes restrict chikungunya virus replication at a post-fusion step.
  Virology 2014 Bernard E, Hamel R, Neyret A, Ekchariyawat P, Molès JP, Simmons G, Chazal N, Desprès P, Missé D, Briant L
• Exposure of epitope residues on the outer face of the chikungunya virus envelope trimer determines antibody neutralizing efficacy.
  Journal of virology 2014 Fong RH, Banik SS, Mattia K, Barnes T, Tucker D, Liss N, Lu K, Selvarajah S, Srinivasan S, Mabila M, Miller A, Muench MO, Michault A, Rucker JB, Paes C, Simmons G, Kahle KM, Doranz BJ
• Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research.
  Antiviral research 2013 Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S
• A neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting the acid-sensitive region in chikungunya virus E2 protects from disease.
  PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2013 Selvarajah S, Sexton NR, Kahle KM, Fong RH, Mattia KA, Gardner J, Lu K, Liss NM, Salvador B, Tucker DF, Barnes T, Mabila M, Zhou X, Rossini G, Rucker JB, Sanders DA, Suhrbier A, Sambri V, Michault A, …
• Characterization of the Bas-Congo virus glycoprotein and its function in pseudotyped viruses.
  Journal of virology 2013 Steffen I, Liss NM, Schneider BS, Fair JN, Chiu CY, Simmons G
• The spike protein of the emerging betacoronavirus EMC uses a novel coronavirus receptor for entry, can be activated by TMPRSS2, and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies.
  Journal of virology 2013 Gierer S, Bertram S, Kaup F, Wrensch F, Heurich A, Krämer-Kühl A, Welsch K, Winkler M, Meyer B, Drosten C, Dittmer U, von Hahn T, Simmons G, Hofmann H, Pöhlmann S
• Filoviruses utilize glycosaminoglycans for their attachment to target cells.
  Journal of virology 2013 Salvador B, Sexton NR, Carrion R, Nunneley J, Patterson JL, Steffen I, Lu K, Muench MO, Lembo D, Simmons G
• Filovirus entry.
  Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2013 Simmons G
• Development of novel entry inhibitors targeting emerging viruses.
  Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2012 Zhou Y, Simmons G
• A novel rhabdovirus associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in central Africa.
  PLoS pathogens 2012 Grard G, Fair JN, Lee D, Slikas E, Steffen I, Muyembe JJ, Sittler T, Veeraraghavan N, Ruby JG, Wang C, Makuwa M, Mulembakani P, Tesh RB, Mazet J, Rimoin AW, Taylor T, Schneider BS, Simmons G, Delwart …
• In-depth investigation of archival and prospectively collected samples reveals no evidence for XMRV infection in prostate cancer.
  PloS one 2012 Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, Derisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY
• Emerging infectious agents and the nation's blood supply: responding to potential threats in the 21st century.
  Transfusion 2012 Glynn SA, Busch MP, Dodd RY, Katz LM, Stramer SL, Klein HG, Simmons G, Kleinman SH, Shurin SB, NHLBI Emerging Infectious Disease Task Force convened November 7, 2011
• Detection of host immune responses in acute phase sera of spontaneous resolution versus persistent hepatitis C virus infection.
  The Journal of general virology 2012 Selvarajah S, Keating S, Heitman J, Lu K, Simmons G, Norris PJ, Operskalski E, Mosley JW, Busch MP
• Development and application of a high-throughput microneutralization assay: lack of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and/or murine leukemia virus detection in blood donors.
  Transfusion 2012 Zhou Y, Steffen I, Montalvo L, Lee TH, Zemel R, Switzer WM, Tang S, Jia H, Heneine W, Winkelman V, Tailor CS, Ikeda Y, Simmons G
• No evidence of murine leukemia virus-related viruses in live attenuated human vaccines.
  PloS one 2011 Switzer WM, Zheng H, Simmons G, Zhou Y, Tang S, Shankar A, Kapusinszky B, Delwart EL, Heneine W
• No evidence for XMRV nucleic acids, infectious virus or anti-XMRV antibodies in Canadian patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
  PloS one 2011 Steffen I, Tyrrell DL, Stein E, Montalvo L, Lee TH, Zhou Y, Lu K, Switzer WM, Tang S, Jia H, Hockman D, Santer DM, Logan M, Landi A, Law J, Houghton M, Simmons G
• Development of sensitive single-round pol or env RT-PCR assays to screen for XMRV in multiple sample types.
  Journal of virological methods 2011 Tang N, Frank A, Leckie G, Hackett J, Simmons G, Busch M, Abravaya K
• Cleavage and activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway trypsin-like protease.
  Journal of virology 2011 Bertram S, Glowacka I, Müller MA, Lavender H, Gnirss K, Nehlmeier I, Niemeyer D, He Y, Simmons G, Drosten C, Soilleux EJ, Jahn O, Steffen I, Pöhlmann S
• Failure to confirm XMRV/MLVs in the blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a multi-laboratory study.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2011 Simmons G, Glynn SA, Komaroff AL, Mikovits JA, Tobler LH, Hackett J, Tang N, Switzer WM, Heneine W, Hewlett IK, Zhao J, Lo SC, Alter HJ, Linnen JM, Gao K, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Ruscetti FW, Pfost MA,…
• Inhibitors of SARS-CoV entry--identification using an internally-controlled dual envelope pseudovirion assay.
  Antiviral research 2011 Zhou Y, Agudelo J, Lu K, Goetz DH, Hansell E, Chen YT, Roush WR, McKerrow J, Craik CS, Amberg SM, Simmons G
• No evidence of murine-like gammaretroviruses in CFS patients previously identified as XMRV-infected.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2011 Knox K, Carrigan D, Simmons G, Teque F, Zhou Y, Hackett J, Qiu X, Luk KC, Schochetman G, Knox A, Kogelnik AM, Levy JA
• Different host cell proteases activate the SARS-coronavirus spike-protein for cell-cell and virus-cell fusion.
  Virology 2011 Simmons G, Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, Chaipan C, Agudelo J, Lu K, Rennekamp AJ, Hofmann H, Bates P, Pöhlmann S
• The Blood Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus Scientific Research Working Group: mission, progress, and plans.
  Transfusion 2011 Simmons G, Glynn SA, Holmberg JA, Coffin JM, Hewlett IK, Lo SC, Mikovits JA, Switzer WM, Linnen JM, Busch MP, Blood XMRV Scientific Research Working Group
• Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in a lethal SARS-CoV BALB/c mouse model by stinging nettle lectin, Urtica dioica agglutinin.
  Antiviral research 2011 Kumaki Y, Wandersee MK, Smith AJ, Zhou Y, Simmons G, Nelson NM, Bailey KW, Vest ZG, Li JK, Chan PK, Smee DF, Barnard DL
• Flexible antibodies with nonprotein hinges.
  Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences 2011 Capon DJ, Kaneko N, Yoshimori T, Shimada T, Wurm FM, Hwang PK, Tong X, Adams SA, Simmons G, Sato TA, Tanaka K
• Host genetic basis for hepatitis C virus clearance: a role for blood collection centers.
  Current opinion in hematology 2010 Selvarajah S, Tobler LH, Simmons G, Busch MP
• Absence of evidence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus infection in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy controls in the United States.
  Retrovirology 2010 Switzer WM, Jia H, Hohn O, Zheng H, Tang S, Shankar A, Bannert N, Simmons G, Hendry RM, Falkenberg VR, Reeves WC, Heneine W
• A single asparagine-linked glycosylation site of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein facilitates inhibition by mannose-binding lectin through multiple mechanisms.
  Journal of virology 2010 Zhou Y, Lu K, Pfefferle S, Bertram S, Glowacka I, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S, Simmons G
• Incorporation of podoplanin into HIV released from HEK-293T cells, but not PBMC, is required for efficient binding to the attachment factor CLEC-2.
  Retrovirology 2010 Chaipan C, Steffen I, Tsegaye TS, Bertram S, Glowacka I, Kato Y, Schmökel J, Münch J, Simmons G, Gerardy-Schahn R, Pöhlmann S
• Differential downregulation of ACE2 by the spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus NL63.
  Journal of virology 2009 Glowacka I, Bertram S, Herzog P, Pfefferle S, Steffen I, Muench MO, Simmons G, Hofmann H, Kuri T, Weber F, Eichler J, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S
• Characterization of Chikungunya pseudotyped viruses: Identification of refractory cell lines and demonstration of cellular tropism differences mediated by mutations in E1 glycoprotein.
  Virology 2009 Salvador B, Zhou Y, Michault A, Muench MO, Simmons G
• Proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoproteins enhances virus binding and infectivity.
  Journal of virology 2007 Kaletsky RL, Simmons G, Bates P
• Highly conserved regions within the spike proteins of human coronaviruses 229E and NL63 determine recognition of their respective cellular receptors.
  Journal of virology 2006 Hofmann H, Simmons G, Rennekamp AJ, Chaipan C, Gramberg T, Heck E, Geier M, Wegele A, Marzi A, Bates P, Pöhlmann S
• The signal peptide of the ebolavirus glycoprotein influences interaction with the cellular lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR.
  Journal of virology 2006 Marzi A, Akhavan A, Simmons G, Gramberg T, Hofmann H, Bates P, Lingappa VR, Pöhlmann S
• Endosomal proteolysis by cathepsins is necessary for murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus type 2 spike-mediated entry.
  Journal of virology 2006 Qiu Z, Hingley ST, Simmons G, Yu C, Das Sarma J, Bates P, Weiss SR
• Expanded tropism and altered activation of a retroviral glycoprotein resistant to an entry inhibitor peptide.
  Journal of virology 2006 Amberg SM, Netter RC, Simmons G, Bates P
• Proteolysis of SARS-associated coronavirus spike glycoprotein.
  Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2006 Simmons G, Rennekamp AJ, Bates P
• Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P
• Longitudinally profiling neutralizing antibody response to SARS coronavirus with pseudotypes.
  Emerging infectious diseases 2005 Temperton NJ, Chan PK, Simmons G, Zambon MC, Tedder RS, Takeuchi Y, Weiss RA
• DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR interact with the glycoprotein of Marburg virus and the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
  Journal of virology 2004 Marzi A, Gramberg T, Simmons G, Möller P, Rennekamp AJ, Krumbiegel M, Geier M, Eisemann J, Turza N, Saunier B, Steinkasserer A, Becker S, Bates P, Hofmann H, Pöhlmann S
• Biological analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 envelopes amplified from brain and lymph node tissues of AIDS patients with neuropathology reveals two distinct tropism phenotypes and identifies envelopes in the brain that confer an enhanced tropism and fusigenicity for macrophages.
  Journal of virology 2004 Peters PJ, Bhattacharya J, Hibbitts S, Dittmar MT, Simmons G, Bell J, Simmonds P, Clapham PR
• Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 Simmons G, Reeves JD, Rennekamp AJ, Amberg SM, Piefer AJ, Bates P
• Identification of murine T-cell epitopes in Ebola virus nucleoprotein.
  Virology 2004 Simmons G, Lee A, Rennekamp AJ, Fan X, Bates P, Shen H
• Folate receptor alpha and caveolae are not required for Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated viral infection.
  Journal of virology 2003 Simmons G, Rennekamp AJ, Chai N, Vandenberghe LH, Riley JL, Bates P
• DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR bind ebola glycoproteins and enhance infection of macrophages and endothelial cells.
  Virology 2003 Simmons G, Reeves JD, Grogan CC, Vandenberghe LH, Baribaud F, Whitbeck JC, Burke E, Buchmeier MJ, Soilleux EJ, Riley JL, Doms RW, Bates P, Pöhlmann S
• Differential N-linked glycosylation of human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola virus envelope glycoproteins modulates interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR.
  Journal of virology 2003 Lin G, Simmons G, Pöhlmann S, Baribaud F, Ni H, Leslie GJ, Haggarty BS, Bates P, Weissman D, Hoxie JA, Doms RW
• Ebola virus glycoproteins induce global surface protein down-modulation and loss of cell adherence.
  Journal of virology 2002 Simmons G, Wool-Lewis RJ, Baribaud F, Netter RC, Bates P
• Evidence for a post-entry barrier to R5 HIV-1 infection of CD4 memory T cells.
  AIDS (London, England) 2001 Vyakarnam A, Eyeson J, Teo I, Zuckerman M, Babaahmady K, Schuitemaker H, Shaunak S, Rostron T, Rowland-Jones S, Simmons G, Clapham P
• A chimeric MIP-1alpha/RANTES protein demonstrates the use of different regions of the RANTES protein to bind and activate its receptors.
  Journal of leukocyte biology 2001 Blanpain C, Buser R, Power CA, Edgerton M, Buchanan C, Mack M, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Parmentier M, Proudfoot AE
• Phylogenetic analysis of multiple heterosexual transmission events involving subtype b of HIV type 1.
  AIDS research and human retroviruses 2001 Hayman A, Moss T, Simmons G, Arnold C, Holmes EC, Naylor-Adamson L, Hawkswell J, Allen K, Radford J, Nguyen-Van-Tam J, Balfe P
• T-cell line adaptation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain SF162: effects on envelope, vpu and macrophage-tropism.
  The Journal of general virology 2000 Dejucq N, Simmons G, Clapham PR
• Co-receptor use by HIV and inhibition of HIV infection by chemokine receptor ligands.
  Immunological reviews 2000 Simmons G, Reeves JD, Hibbitts S, Stine JT, Gray PW, Proudfoot AE, Clapham PR
• A small molecule antagonist of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3. Potent inhibition of eosinophil function and CCR3-mediated HIV-1 entry.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Sabroe I, Peck MJ, Van Keulen BJ, Jorritsma A, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Williams TJ, Pease JE
• Differential activation of CC chemokine receptors by AOP-RANTES.
  The Journal of biological chemistry 2000 Elsner J, Mack M, Brühl H, Dulkys Y, Kimmig D, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Schlöndorff D, Kapp A, Wells TN, Proudfoot AE
• KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells.
  Blood 2000 Stine JT, Wood C, Hill M, Epp A, Raport CJ, Schweickart VL, Endo Y, Sasaki T, Simmons G, Boshoff C, Clapham P, Chang Y, Moore P, Gray PW, Chantry D
• Chemokine inhibition of HIV infection.
  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2000 Reeves JD, Simmons G
• Expanded tropism of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 strains to CD4(+) T-cell lines determined by the capacity to exploit low concentrations of CCR5.
  Journal of virology 1999 Dejucq N, Simmons G, Clapham PR
• Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates infect CD4-negative cells via CCR5 and CXCR4: comparison with HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo.
  Journal of virology 1999 Reeves JD, Hibbitts S, Simmons G, McKnight A, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Moniz-Pereira J, Clapham PR
• Coreceptor ligand inhibition of fetal brain cell infection by HIV type 1.
  AIDS research and human retroviruses 1999 Hibbitts S, Reeves JD, Simmons G, Gray PW, Epstein LG, Schols D, de Clercq E, Wells TN, Proudfoot AE, Clapham PR
• HIV coreceptors, cell tropism and inhibition by chemokine receptor ligands.
  Molecular membrane biology 1999 Clapham PR, Reeves JD, Simmons G, Dejucq N, Hibbitts S, McKnight A
• CXCR4 as a functional coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of primary macrophages.
  Journal of virology 1998 Simmons G, Reeves JD, McKnight A, Dejucq N, Hibbitts S, Power CA, Aarons E, Schols D, De Clercq E, Proudfoot AE, Clapham PR
• Aminooxypentane-RANTES induces CCR5 internalization but inhibits recycling: a novel inhibitory mechanism of HIV infectivity.
  The Journal of experimental medicine 1998 Mack M, Luckow B, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Signoret N, Marsh M, Stangassinger M, Borlat F, Wells TN, Schlöndorff D, Proudfoot AE
• Langerhans cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A through F isolates derived from different transmission groups.
  Journal of virology 1997 Dittmar MT, Simmons G, Hibbitts S, O'Hare M, Louisirirotchanakul S, Beddows S, Weber J, Clapham PR, Weiss RA
• A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1997 Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM, Coulin F, Simmons G, Johnsen AH, Alouani S, Power CA, Lüttichau HR, Gerstoft J, Clapham PR, Clark-Lewis I, Wells TN, Schwartz TW
• Biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones derived from different organs of an AIDS patient by long-range PCR.
  Journal of virology 1997 Dittmar MT, Simmons G, Donaldson Y, Simmonds P, Clapham PR, Schulz TF, Weiss RA
• Multiple extracellular domains of CCR-5 contribute to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and fusion.
  Journal of virology 1997 Picard L, Simmons G, Power CA, Meyer A, Weiss RA, Clapham PR
• CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 (ROD/B): use of the 7-transmembrane receptors CXCR-4, CCR-3, and V28 for entry.
  Virology 1997 Reeves JD, McKnight A, Potempa S, Simmons G, Gray PW, Power CA, Wells T, Weiss RA, Talbot SJ
• Potent inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1997 Simmons G, Clapham PR, Picard L, Offord RE, Rosenkilde MM, Schwartz TW, Buser R, Wells TN, Proudfoot AE
• HIV-1 tropism and co-receptor use.
  Nature 1997 Dittmar MT, McKnight A, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Simmonds P
• Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus fusion by a monoclonal antibody to a coreceptor (CXCR4) is both cell type and virus strain dependent.
  Journal of virology 1997 McKnight A, Wilkinson D, Simmons G, Talbot S, Picard L, Ahuja M, Marsh M, Hoxie JA, Clapham PR
• Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either Lestr or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry.
  Journal of virology 1996 Simmons G, Wilkinson D, Reeves JD, Dittmar MT, Beddows S, Weber J, Carnegie G, Desselberger U, Gray PW, Weiss RA, Clapham PR
• Location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 SU glycoprotein.
  Journal of virology 1996 McKnight A, Shotton C, Cordell J, Jones I, Simmons G, Clapham PR
• Cell-to-cell fusion, but not virus entry in macrophages by T-cell line tropic HIV-1 strains: a V3 loop-determined restriction.
  Virology 1995 Simmons G, McKnight A, Takeuchi Y, Hoshino H, Clapham PR
• Is CD4 sufficient for HIV entry? Cell surface molecules involved in HIV infection.
  Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 1993 Clapham P, McKnight A, Simmons G, Weiss R