Gideon St Helen, PhD
Associate Professor
Medicine
School of Medicine

I am a toxicologist who conduct clinical pharmacology studies to understand the harms or benefits of novel tobacco products and the pharmacological interaction between cannabis and tobacco when co-administered.

Education & Training

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• PhD Toxicology University of Georgia 2011
• BSc Biology Livingstone College 2006

Interests

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• Tobacco regulatory research
• Clinical pharmacology and safety of cannabis
• Pharmacology of tobacco and cannabis co-administration
• Clinical pharmacology and safety of novel tobacco products
• Environmental toxicology

Grants and Projects

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• Integrated Health, Behavioral and Economic Research on Current and Emerging Tobacco Products, NIH, 2013-2023
• Cigarette Harm Reduction with Scheduled Electronic Cigarette Use, NIH, 2018-2022
• Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Cigarettes, NIH, 2016-2017

Publications (54)

Top publication keywords:
Flavoring AgentsSmokingCarcinogensTobacco Use DisorderElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsVolatile Organic CompoundsBiomarkersAerosolsCotinineNicotineCigarette SmokingNitrosaminesVapingTobacco ProductsTobacco Smoke Pollution

• Commentary on Keller-Hamilton et al. : Oral nicotine pouches provide a less controversial route for tobacco harm reduction than electronic cigarettes.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2024 St Helen G
• Nicotine Intake in Adult Pod E-cigarette Users: Impact of User and Device Characteristics.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2023 Giberson J, Nardone N, Addo N, Khan S, Jacob P, Benowitz N, St Helen G
• Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Vaping in Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.
  Circulation research 2022 Wold LE, Tarran R, Crotty Alexander LE, Hamburg NM, Kheradmand F, St Helen G, Wu JC, American Heart Association Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Th
• Minor Tobacco Alkaloids as Biomarkers to Distinguish Combusted Tobacco Use From Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use. Two New Analytical Methods.
  Frontiers in chemistry 2022 Jacob P, Chan L, Cheung P, Bello K, Yu L, StHelen G, Benowitz NL
• Biomarkers of nicotine exposure correlate with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist among adolescents in California, United States.
  Addictive behaviors 2022 Chaffee BW, Halpern-Felsher B, Jacob P, St Helen G

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• Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame.
  Journal of clinical pharmacology 2021 Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Liakoni E
• Twenty-Four-Hour Cardiovascular Effects of Electronic Cigarettes Compared With Cigarette Smoking in Dual Users.
  Journal of the American Heart Association 2020 Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Nardone N, Addo N, Zhang JJ, Harvanko AM, Calfee CS, Jacob P
• The impact of e-cigarette and cigarette prices on e-cigarette and cigarette sales in California.
  Preventive medicine reports 2020 Yao T, Sung HY, Huang J, Chu L, St Helen G, Max W
• Relationships Between Race, Gender, and Spot Urine Levels of Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Vary Based on How Creatinine Is Handled in Analyses.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Carroll DM, Cigan S, Ikuemonisan J, Hammonds T, Stepanov I, St Helen G, Benowitz N, Hatsukami DK
• Comprehensive Parent-Metabolite PBPK/PD Modeling Insights into Nicotine Replacement Therapy Strategies.
  Clinical pharmacokinetics 2020 Kovar L, Selzer D, Britz H, Benowitz N, St Helen G, Kohl Y, Bals R, Lehr T
• A ban targeting only open-system e-cigarettes is unlikely to prevent a future EVALI-like outbreak among e-cigarette users.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2020 St Helen G
• Effects of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Cigarette Reinforcement.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Liakoni E, Nardone N, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL
• Biomarkers of Exposure for Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes: Nicotelline, NNAL, and Total Nicotine Equivalents.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Jacob P, St Helen G, Yu L, Nardone N, Havel C, Cheung P, Benowitz NL
• Twenty-four-hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad-libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2020 Harvanko AM, St Helen G, Nardone N, Addo N, Benowitz NL
• Urine Metabolites for Estimating Daily Intake of Nicotine From Cigarette Smoking.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020 Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Nardone N, Cox LS, Jacob P
• Differences in nicotine intake and effects from electronic and combustible cigarettes among dual users.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2020 St Helen G, Nardone N, Addo N, Dempsey D, Havel C, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Sources and Biomarkers of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Urban Adolescents.
  Academic pediatrics 2019 Nardone N, Jain S, Addo N, St Helen G, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Comparison of Systemic Exposure to Toxic and/or Carcinogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) during Vaping, Smoking, and Abstention.
  Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2019 St Helen G, Liakoni E, Nardone N, Addo N, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Quantitative biochemical screening for marijuana use and concordance with tobacco use in urban adolescents.
  Drug and alcohol dependence 2019 Benowitz N, Nardone N, St Helen G, Addo N, Jacob P, Liakoni E, Jain S, Hooshfar S, Lynch K
• Relationship between skin melanin index and nicotine pharmacokinetics in African American smokers.
  Drug and alcohol dependence 2019 Liakoni E, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL
• Differences in exposure to toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds between Black and White cigarette smokers.
  Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology 2019 St Helen G, Benowitz NL, Ko J, Jacob P, Gregorich SE, Pérez-Stable EJ, Murphy SE, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC
• JUUL electronic cigarettes: Nicotine exposure and the user experience.
  Drug and alcohol dependence 2019 Nardone N, Helen GS, Addo N, Meighan S, Benowitz NL
• Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco use in pregnancy: use, preferences and perceptions of flavours.
  Tobacco control 2019 Stroud L, Werner E, Matteson K, Carey M, Helen GS, Eissenberg T, Scott-Sheldon LAJ
• Black Light Smokers: How Nicotine Intake and Carcinogen Exposure Differ Across Various Biobehavioral Factors.
  Journal of the National Medical Association 2019 St Helen G, Benowitz NL, Ahluwalia JS, Tyndale RF, Addo N, Gregorich SE, Pérez-Stable EJ, Cox LS
• Effects of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Withdrawal Symptoms and Response to Cigarette Smoking After Abstinence.
  Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2018 Liakoni E, Edwards KC, St Helen G, Nardone N, Dempsey DA, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL
• Revolution or redux? Assessing IQOS through a precursor product.
  Tobacco control 2018 Elias J, Dutra LM, St Helen G, Ling PM
• IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure.
  Tobacco control 2018 St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL
• Public Health Consequences of e-Cigarette Use.
  JAMA internal medicine 2018 St Helen G, Eaton DL
• Impact of e-liquid flavors on e-cigarette vaping behavior.
  Drug and alcohol dependence 2018 St Helen G, Shahid M, Chu S, Benowitz NL
• Comparison of Urine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)Pyridyl-1-Butanol and Cotinine for Assessment of Active and Passive Smoke Exposure in Urban Adolescents.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2018 Benowitz NL, Nardone N, Jain S, Dempsey DA, Addo N, St Helen G, Jacob P
• Tobacco papers and tobacco industry ties in regulatory toxicology and pharmacology.
  Journal of public health policy 2017 Velicer C, St Helen G, Glantz SA
• An Electronic Cigarette Vaping Machine for the Characterization of Aerosol Delivery and Composition.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2017 Havel CM, Benowitz NL, Jacob P, St Helen G
• Urine Cotinine Screening Detects Nearly Ubiquitous Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Urban Adolescents.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2017 Benowitz NL, Jain S, Dempsey DA, Nardone N, Helen GS, Jacob P
• Impact of e-liquid flavors on nicotine intake and pharmacology of e-cigarettes.
  Drug and alcohol dependence 2017 St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Havel CM, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products.
  American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2017 Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, …
• Effect of UGT2B10, UGT2B17, FMO3, and OCT2 genetic variation on nicotine and cotinine pharmacokinetics and smoking in African Americans.
  Pharmacogenetics and genomics 2017 Taghavi T, St Helen G, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF
• Nicotine Delivery and Vaping Behavior During ad Libitum E-cigarette Access.
  Tobacco regulatory science 2016 St Helen G, Ross KC, Dempsey DA, Havel CM, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Disposition kinetics and metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in African American smokers: impact of CYP2A6 genetic variation and enzymatic activity.
  Pharmacogenetics and genomics 2016 Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Tyndale RF
• The Influence of Puff Characteristics, Nicotine Dependence, and Rate of Nicotine Metabolism on Daily Nicotine Exposure in African American Smokers.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2016 Ross KC, Dempsey DA, St Helen G, Delucchi K, Benowitz NL
• Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2015 St Helen G, Havel C, Dempsey DA, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Exposure of pregnant women to cookstove-related household air pollution in urban and periurban Trujillo, Peru.
  Archives of environmental & occupational health 2015 St Helen G, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Adetona O, Cassidy B, Bayer CW, Hendry R, Hall DB, Naeher LP
• Intake of toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds from secondhand smoke in motor vehicles.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2014 St Helen G, Jacob P, Peng M, Dempsey DA, Hammond SK, Benowitz NL
• Nicotine and carcinogen exposure after water pipe smoking in hookah bars.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2014 St Helen G, Benowitz NL, Dains KM, Havel C, Peng M, Jacob P
• Genetic and pharmacokinetic determinants of response to transdermal nicotine in white, black, and Asian nonsmokers.
  Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2013 Dempsey DA, St Helen G, Jacob P, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL
• Stability of the nicotine metabolite ratio in smokers of progressively reduced nicotine content cigarettes.
  Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2013 St Helen G, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Biomarkers of secondhand smoke exposure in automobiles.
  Tobacco control 2013 Jones IA, St Helen G, Meyers MJ, Dempsey DA, Havel C, Jacob P, Northcross A, Hammond SK, Benowitz NL
• Dose-independent kinetics with low level exposure to nicotine and cotinine.
  British journal of clinical pharmacology 2013 Benowitz NL, Dempsey D, Tyndale RF, St Helen G, Jacob P
• Racial differences in the relationship between tobacco dependence and nicotine and carcinogen exposure.
  Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2012 St Helen G, Dempsey D, Wilson M, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Utility of urinary Clara cell protein (CC16) to demonstrate increased lung epithelial permeability in non-smokers exposed to outdoor secondhand smoke.
  Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology 2012 St Helen G, Holland NT, Balmes JR, Hall DB, Bernert JT, Vena JE, Wang JS, Naeher LP
• Reproducibility of the nicotine metabolite ratio in cigarette smokers.
  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2012 St Helen G, Novalen M, Heitjan DF, Dempsey D, Jacob P, Aziziyeh A, Wing VC, George TP, Tyndale RF, Benowitz NL
• Exposure to secondhand smoke outside of a bar and a restaurant and tobacco exposure biomarkers in nonsmokers.
  Environmental health perspectives 2012 St Helen G, Bernert JT, Hall DB, Sosnoff CS, Xia Y, Balmes JR, Vena JE, Wang JS, Holland NT, Naeher LP
• Exposure and kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smokers.
  Chemical research in toxicology 2012 St Helen G, Goniewicz ML, Dempsey D, Wilson M, Jacob P, Benowitz NL
• Particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide from secondhand smoke outside bars and restaurants in downtown Athens, Georgia.
  Journal of environmental health 2011 St Helen G, Hall DB, Kudon LH, Pearce J, Baptiste S, Ferguson S, Green T, Naeher LP
• Assessment of exposure to secondhand smoke at outdoor bars and family restaurants in Athens, Georgia, using salivary cotinine.
  Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene 2009 Hall JC, Bernert JT, Hall DB, St Helen G, Kudon LH, Naeher LP