Fabio Badilini, PhD
Dir Ctr for Biosignal Rsch
Medicine
School of Medicine
Dr. Badilini earned his PhD in biomedical engineering from Politecnico di Milano University. His research focuses on the development of signal processing methods and algorithms in the context of cardiovascular signals, and in particular the electrocardiogram.
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He spent a significant part of his career founding and leading two companies: 1) AMPS LLC, a software house founded in 2000 and based in New York, focusing on tailored solutions licensed to the pharmaceutical industry; and 2) CardioCalm, an Italian based company providing telemedicine services to the south European healthcare systems. He has collaborated with the federal government (FDA) and research organizations, including the International Society of Computerized Electrocardiology (ISCE), where he currently serves as president. He is the Co-Director of the Center for Biosignal Research (CBR). The CBR program was founded with the specific goal of leveraging the industry standard for bedside monitoring alarms aimed at reducing the problem of alarm fatigue.
Awards
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- Honorary Fellow, American College of Cardiology, 2009
- Commissioner's Special Citation, Food and Drug Adminstration, 2003
Education & Training
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- PhD Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester 01/1994
- Laurea Electrical Engineering Politecnico of Milano 04/1989
Publications (82)
Top publication keywords:
Heart Conduction SystemElectrocardiography, AmbulatoryAlgorithmsInformation Storage and RetrievalClinical AlarmsDiagnosis, Computer-AssistedSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedQuinidineElectrocardiographySotalolLong QT SyndromeSodium Channel BlockersAnti-Arrhythmia AgentsHeart RateTorsades de Pointes
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Technical article: Overview of hospital-based data capture systems that acquire continuous ECG and physiologic data.
Journal of electrocardiology 2024 Pelter MM, Prasad PA, Mortara DW, Badilini F -
Early warning of atrial fibrillation using deep learning.
Patterns (New York, N.Y.) 2024 Gavidia M, Zhu H, Montanari AN, Fuentes J, Cheng C, Dubner S, Chames M, Maison-Blanche P, Rahman MM, Sassi R, Badilini F, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Zhang HT, Du H, Teng B, Yuan Y, Wan G, Tang Z, He X, Yang X,… -
Agreement of Computerized QT and QTc Interval Measurements Between Both Bedside and Expert Nurses Using Electronic Calipers.
The Journal of cardiovascular nursing 2023 Ho K, Ganesh GK, Prasad S, Hoffmann TJ, Larsen A, Sandoval C, Berger S, Schell-Chaple H, Badilini F, Mackin LA, Pelter MM -
Ventricular tachycardia and in-hospital mortality in the intensive care unit.
Heart rhythm O2 2023 Prasad PA, Isaksen JL, Abe-Jones Y, Zègre-Hemsey JK, Sommargren CE, Al-Zaiti SS, Carey MG, Badilini F, Mortara D, Kanters JK, Pelter MM -
The Long-COVID autonomic syndrome in hospitalized patients: A one-year prospective cohort study.
European journal of internal medicine 2023 Rigo S, Barbic F, Khalaf K, Bisoglio A, Pani M, Minonzio M, Rinaldi L, Ciccarelli M, Bordoni MG, Verzeletti P, Badilini F, Bonovas S, Piovani D, Shiffer D, Furlan R
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A Systematic Survey of Data Augmentation of ECG Signals for AI Applications.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2023 Rahman MM, Rivolta MW, Badilini F, Sassi R -
Evaluation of premature ventricular complexes during in-hospital ECG monitoring as a predictor of ventricular tachycardia in an intensive care unit cohort.
Research in nursing & health 2023 Suba S, Hoffmann TJ, Fleischmann KE, Schell-Chaple H, Marcus GM, Prasad P, Hu X, Badilini F, Pelter MM -
An annotated ventricular tachycardia (VT) alarm database: Toward a uniform standard for optimizing automated VT identification in hospitalized patients.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2023 Pelter MM, Carey MG, Al-Zaiti S, Zegre-Hemsey J, Sommargren C, Isola L, Prasad P, Mortara D, Badilini F -
Incorporation of Serial 12-Lead Electrocardiogram With Machine Learning to Augment the Out-of-Hospital Diagnosis of Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Annals of emergency medicine 2022 Bouzid Z, Faramand Z, Martin-Gill C, Sereika SM, Callaway CW, Saba S, Gregg R, Badilini F, Sejdic E, Al-Zaiti SS -
Thoracic Impedance Pneumography-Derived Respiratory Alarms and Associated Patient Characteristics.
American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2022 Bawua LK, Miaskowski C, Suba S, Badilini F, Rodway GW, Hu X, Pelter MM -
Premature ventricular complexes during continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in the intensive care unit: Occurrence rates and associated patient characteristics.
Journal of clinical nursing 2022 Suba S, Hoffmann TJ, Fleischmann KE, Schell-Chaple H, Prasad P, Marcus GM, Badilini F, Hu X, Pelter MM -
Ischemic Pre-Conditioning is Present in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ECG Derived Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
The Journal of cardiovascular nursing 2022 Borczynski E, Suba S, Mackin LA, Mortara DW, Badilini F, Rodway GW, Pelter MM -
Agreement between respiratory rate measurement using a combined electrocardiographic derived method versus impedance from pneumography.
Journal of electrocardiology 2021 Bawua LK, Miaskowski C, Suba S, Badilini F, Mortara D, Hu X, Rodway GW, Hoffmann TJ, Pelter MM -
Effects of a cool classroom microclimate on cardiac autonomic control and cognitive performances in undergraduate students.
The Science of the total environment 2021 Barbic F, Minonzio M, Cairo B, Shiffer D, Cerina L, Verzeletti P, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Porta A, Santambrogio M, Gatti R, Rigo S, Bisoglio A, Furlan R -
Deep learning analysis of electrocardiogram for risk prediction of drug-induced arrhythmias and diagnosis of long QT syndrome.
European heart journal 2021 Prifti E, Fall A, Davogustto G, Pulini A, Denjoy I, Funck-Brentano C, Khan Y, Durand-Salmon A, Badilini F, Wells QS, Leenhardt A, Zucker JD, Roden DM, Extramiana F, Salem JE -
Computerized automated algorithm-based analyses of digitized paper ECGs in Brugada syndrome.
Journal of electrocardiology 2021 Extramiana F, Laporte PL, Vaglio M, Denjoy I, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F, Leenhardt A -
Association of thyroid-stimulating hormone with corrected QT interval variation: A prospective cohort study among patients with type 2 diabetes.
Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2021 Madhukar R, Jagadeesh AT, Moey MYY, Vaglio M, Badilini F, Leban M, Hartemann A, Dureau P, Funck-Brentano C, Bourron O, Salem JE -
ECG alarms during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy in the ICU.
Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2021 Watanakeeree K, Suba S, Mackin LA, Badilini F, Pelter MM -
Validation of an algorithm for continuous monitoring of atrial fibrillation using a consumer smartwatch.
Heart rhythm 2021 Avram R, Ramsis M, Cristal AD, Nathan V, Zhu L, Kim J, Kuang J, Gao A, Vittinghoff E, Rohdin-Bibby L, Yogi S, Seremet E, Carp V, Badilini F, Pletcher MJ, Marcus GM, Mortara D, Olgin JE -
Sex influences on ventricular repolarization duration in normal subjects and in type 1, 2 and 3 long QT syndrome patients: Different effect in acquired and congenital type 2 LQTS.
Journal of electrocardiology 2020 Extramiana F, Badilini F, Denjoy I, Vaglio M, Green CL, Kligfield P, Leenhardt A, Maison-Blanche P -
Actionable Ventricular Tachycardia During In-Hospital ECG Monitoring and Its Impact on Alarm Fatigue.
Critical pathways in cardiology 2020 Pelter MM, Suba S, Sandoval C, Zègre-Hemsey JK, Berger S, Larsen A, Badilini F, Hu X -
Correction of QRS voltage for body mass index does not improve the prediction of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. The Moli-sani study.
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 2019 Salvetti M, Paini A, Di Castelnuovo A, Assanelli D, Costanzo S, Gianfagna F, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Lorenza Muiesan M, Iacoviello L, Moli-sani Study Investigators -
Cardiovascular autonomic individual profile of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and risk of extending cardiac monitoring after first dose fingolimod.
Journal of the neurological sciences 2019 Vanoli E, Montano N, De Angelis G, Badilini F, Mirabella M, Bonavita S, Patti F, Bianco A, Sparaco M, Chisari C, Laroni A, Frigerio F, Bartezaghi M, Rossi S, Turrini R, Mancardi G -
Effects of different classroom temperatures on cardiac autonomic control and cognitive performances in undergraduate students.
Physiological measurement 2019 Barbic F, Minonzio M, Cairo B, Shiffer D, Dipasquale A, Cerina L, Vatteroni A, Urechie V, Verzeletti P, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Iatrino R, Porta A, Santambrogio M, Gatti R, Furlan R -
Correction of the QRS duration for heart rate.
Journal of electrocardiology 2019 Mason JW, Strauss DG, Vaglio M, Badilini F -
Population Prevalence and Correlates of Prolonged QT Interval: Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study From Rural Uganda.
Global heart 2018 Magodoro IM, Albano AJ, Muthalaly R, Koplan B, North CM, Vorechovská D, Downey J, Kraemer J, Vaglio M, Badilini F, Kakuhire B, Tsai AC, Siedner MJ -
Wavelet leader multifractal analysis of heart rate variability in atrial fibrillation.
Journal of electrocardiology 2018 Gadhoumi K, Do D, Badilini F, Pelter MM, Hu X -
Monitoring significant ST changes through deep learning.
Journal of electrocardiology 2018 Xiao R, Xu Y, Pelter MM, Fidler R, Badilini F, Mortara DW, Hu X -
Archiving and exchange of digital ECGs: A review of existing data formats.
Journal of electrocardiology 2018 Badilini F, Young B, Brown B, Vaglio M -
Hypogonadism as a Reversible Cause of Torsades de Pointes in Men.
Circulation 2018 Salem JE, Waintraub X, Courtillot C, Shaffer CM, Gandjbakhch E, Maupain C, Moslehi JJ, Badilini F, Haroche J, Gougis P, Fressart V, Glazer AM, Hidden-Lucet F, Touraine P, Lebrun-Vignes B, Roden DM, … -
Comparison of automated interval measurements by widely used algorithms in digital electrocardiographs.
American heart journal 2018 Kligfield P, Badilini F, Denjoy I, Babaeizadeh S, Clark E, De Bie J, Devine B, Extramiana F, Generali G, Gregg R, Helfenbein E, Kors J, Leber R, Macfarlane P, Maison-Blanche P, Rowlandson I, Schmid R,… -
KH176 under development for rare mitochondrial disease: a first in man randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy male volunteers.
Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2017 Koene S, Spaans E, Van Bortel L, Van Lancker G, Delafontaine B, Badilini F, Beyrath J, Smeitink J -
An evaluation of multiple algorithms for the measurement of the heart rate corrected JTpeak interval.
Journal of electrocardiology 2017 Couderc JP, Ma S, Page A, Besaw C, Xia J, Chiu WB, de Bie J, Vicente J, Vaglio M, Badilini F, Babaeizadeh S, Chien CS, Baumert M -
PDF-ECG in clinical practice: A model for long-term preservation of digital 12-lead ECG data.
Journal of electrocardiology 2017 Sassi R, Bond RR, Cairns A, Finlay DD, Guldenring D, Libretti G, Isola L, Vaglio M, Poeta R, Campana M, Cuccia C, Badilini F -
A decision support system and rule-based algorithm to augment the human interpretation of the 12-lead electrocardiogram.
Journal of electrocardiology 2017 Cairns AW, Bond RR, Finlay DD, Guldenring D, Badilini F, Libretti G, Peace AJ, Leslie SJ -
Frontal plane T-wave axis orientation predicts coronary events: Findings from the Moli-sani study.
Atherosclerosis 2017 Iacoviello L, Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Rago L, De Curtis A, Assanelli D, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Persichillo M, Macfarlane PW, Cerletti C, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Moli-sani study … -
Automated JTpeak analysis by BRAVO.
Journal of electrocardiology 2017 Badilini F, Libretti G, Vaglio M -
Fast, accurate and easy-to-teach QT interval assessment: The triplicate concatenation method.
Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2017 Saqué V, Vaglio M, Funck-Brentano C, Kilani M, Bourron O, Hartemann A, Badilini F, Salem JE -
Obesity and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy.
Journal of hypertension 2017 Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Di Castelnuovo A, Paini A, Assanelli D, Costanzo S, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Donati MB, Agabiti Rosei E, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L, Moli-sani Study Investigators -
Development of PDF-ECG: Further steps towards the long-term preservation of clinical electrocardiograms.
Journal of electrocardiology 2016 Badilini F, Sassi R -
Complex Influence of Gonadotropins and Sex Steroid Hormones on QT Interval Duration.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016 Abehsira G, Bachelot A, Badilini F, Koehl L, Lebot M, Favet C, Touraine P, Funck-Brentano C, Salem JE -
A fundamental relationship between intraventricular conduction and heart rate.
Journal of electrocardiology 2016 Mason JW, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Lux RL, Aysin B, Moon TE, Heinz B, Strachan I -
Detecting moxifloxacin-induced QTc prolongation in thorough QT and early clinical phase studies using a highly automated ECG analysis approach.
British journal of pharmacology 2016 Panicker GK, Karnad DR, Kadam P, Badilini F, Damle A, Kothari S -
T-wave axis deviation is associated with biomarkers of low-grade inflammation. Findings from the MOLI-SANI study.
Thrombosis and haemostasis 2015 Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Rago L, de Curtis A, Assanelli D, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Costanzo S, Persichillo M, Cerletti C, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L, MOLI-SANI study Investigators -
Rapid recovery of baroreceptor reflexes in acute myocardial infarction is a marker of effective tissue reperfusion.
Journal of cardiovascular translational research 2014 De Ferrari GM, Sanzo A, Castelli GM, Turco A, Ravera A, Badilini F, Schwartz PJ -
Assessing autonomic response to repeated bouts of exercise below and above respiratory threshold: insight from dynamic analysis of RR variability.
European journal of applied physiology 2014 Lucini D, Vigo C, Tosi F, Toninelli G, Badilini F, Pagani M -
Are women more susceptible than men to drug-induced QT prolongation? Concentration-QTc modelling in a phase 1 study with oral rac-sotalol.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 2014 Darpo B, Karnad DR, Badilini F, Florian J, Garnett CE, Kothari S, Panicker GK, Sarapa N -
Comparison of automated measurements of electrocardiographic intervals and durations by computer-based algorithms of digital electrocardiographs.
American heart journal 2013 Kligfield P, Badilini F, Rowlandson I, Xue J, Clark E, Devine B, Macfarlane P, de Bie J, Mortara D, Babaeizadeh S, Gregg R, Helfenbein ED, Green CL -
T-wave axis deviation and left ventricular hypertrophy interaction in diabetes and hypertension.
Journal of electrocardiology 2013 Assanelli D, Di Castelnuovo A, Rago L, Badilini F, Vinetti G, Gianfagna F, Salvetti M, Zito F, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L, Moli-sani Project Investigators -
The "thorough QT study": a valid paradigm to test new algorithms for QT interval measurements?
Journal of electrocardiology 2013 Badilini F -
T-wave axis deviation, metabolic syndrome and estimated cardiovascular risk--in men and women of the MOLI-SANI study.
Atherosclerosis 2012 Rago L, Di Castelnuovo A, Assanelli D, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Gianfagna F, Salvetti M, Zito F, Alessandrini F, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L -
T-wave axis deviation, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: results from the MOLI-SANI study.
Journal of electrocardiology 2012 Assanelli D, Rago L, Salvetti M, Di Castelnuovo A, Badilini F, Vaglio M, Zito F, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L, Moli-sani Project Investigators -
The Moli-sani project: computerized ECG database in a population-based cohort study.
Journal of electrocardiology 2012 Iacoviello L, Rago L, Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Zito F, Assanelli D, Badilini F, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Moli-sani Project Investigators -
Methodologies to characterize the QT/corrected QT interval in the presence of drug-induced heart rate changes or other autonomic effects.
American heart journal 2012 Garnett CE, Zhu H, Malik M, Fossa AA, Zhang J, Badilini F, Li J, Darpö B, Sager P, Rodriguez I -
Frequency domain assessment of the coupling strength between ventricular repolarization duration and heart period during graded head-up tilt.
Journal of electrocardiology 2011 Porta A, Bari V, Badilini F, Tobaldini E, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Montano N -
Type 1 electrocardiographic burden is increased in symptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome.
Journal of electrocardiology 2010 Extramiana F, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F, Messali A, Denjoy I, Leenhardt A -
The time course of new T-wave ECG descriptors following single- and double-dose administration of sotalol in healthy subjects.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2010 Extramiana F, Dubois R, Vaglio M, Roussel P, Dreyfus G, Badilini F, Leenhardt A, Maison-Blanche P -
Automatic extraction of ECG strips from continuous 12-lead holter recordings for QT analysis at prescheduled versus optimized time points.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2009 Badilini F, Vaglio M, Sarapa N -
Automatic analysis of cardiac repolarization morphology using Gaussian mesa function modeling.
Journal of electrocardiology 2008 Badilini F, Vaglio M, Dubois R, Roussel P, Sarapa N, Denjoy I, Extramiana F, Maison-Blanche P -
Quantitative performance of E-Scribe warehouse in detecting quality issues with digital annotated ECG data from healthy subjects.
Journal of clinical pharmacology 2008 Sarapa N, Mortara JL, Brown BD, Isola L, Badilini F -
Analyses of dynamic beat-to-beat QT-TQ interval (ECG restitution) changes in humans under normal sinus rhythm and prior to an event of torsades de pointes during QT prolongation caused by sotalol.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2007 Fossa AA, Wisialowski T, Crimin K, Wolfgang E, Couderc JP, Hinterseer M, Kaab S, Zareba W, Badilini F, Sarapa N -
Contrasting time- and rate-based approaches for the assessment of drug-induced QT changes.
Journal of clinical pharmacology 2007 Extramiana F, Badilini F, Sarapa N, Leenhardt A, Maison-Blanche P -
Control of rapid heart rate changes for electrocardiographic analysis: implications for thorough QT studies.
Clinical cardiology 2006 Extramiana F, Maison-Blanche P, Haggui A, Badilini F, Beaufils P, Leenhardt A -
Implications of methodological differences in digital electrocardiogram interval measurement.
Journal of electrocardiology 2006 Badilini F, Sarapa N -
Quantitative assessment of ST segment elevation in Brugada patients.
Heart rhythm 2006 Extramiana F, Seitz J, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F, Haggui A, Takatsuki S, Milliez P, Denjoy I, Cauchemez B, Beaufils P, Leenhardt A -
Comparison of fast Fourier transform and autoregressive spectral analysis for the study of heart rate variability in diabetic patients.
International journal of cardiology 2005 Chemla D, Young J, Badilini F, Maison-Blanche P, Affres H, Lecarpentier Y, Chanson P -
ECGScan: a method for conversion of paper electrocardiographic printouts to digital electrocardiographic files.
Journal of electrocardiology 2005 Badilini F, Erdem T, Zareba W, Moss AJ -
Individual QT-R-R relationship: average stability over time does not rule out an individual residual variability: implication for the assessment of drug effect on the QT interval.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2005 Extramiana F, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F, Beaufils P, Leenhardt A -
Usefulness of ventricular repolarization dynamicity in predicting arrhythmic deaths in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (from the European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial).
The American journal of cardiology 2005 Milliez P, Leenhardt A, Maisonblanche P, Vicaut E, Badilini F, Siliste C, Benchetrit C, Coumel P, EMIAT Investigators -
Heart rate influences on repolarization duration and morphology in symptomatic versus asymptomatic KCNQ1 mutation carriers.
The American journal of cardiology 2005 Extramiana F, Denjoy I, Badilini F, Chabani I, Neyroud N, Berthet M, Fressard V, Guicheney P, Beaufils P, Leenhardt A, Coumel P, Maison-Blanche P -
The ISCE ECG genome pilot challenge: a 2004 progress report.
Journal of electrocardiology 2004 Kligfield P, Badilini F, Brown B, Helfenbein E, Kohls M -
Influence of atropine on fractal and complexity measures of heart rate variability.
Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2002 Perkiomaki JS, Zareba W, Badilini F, Moss AJ -
Influence of sympathetic heart rate modulation on RT interval rate adaptation in conscious dogs.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000 Pladys P, Maison-Blanche P, Gout B, Badilini F, Bril A, Carré F -
Frequency-domain heart rate variability in 24-hour Holter recordings: role of spectral method to assess circadian patterns and pharmacological autonomic modulation.
Journal of electrocardiology 2000 Badilini F, Maison-Blanche P, Champomier P, Provost JC, Coumel P, Milon H -
Circadian modulation of QT rate dependence in healthy volunteers: gender and age differences.
Journal of electrocardiology 1999 Extramiana F, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F, Pinoteau J, Deseo T, Coumel P -
QT interval analysis on ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings: a selective beat averaging approach.
Medical & biological engineering & computing 1999 Badilini F, Maison-Blanche P, Childers R, Coumel P -
Dispersion of ventricular repolarization: reality? Illusion? Significance?
Circulation 1998 Coumel P, Maison-Blanche P, Badilini F -
Heart rate variability in passive tilt test: comparative evaluation of autoregressive and FFT spectral analyses.
Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998 Badilini F, Maison-Blanche P, Coumel P -
Diagnostic performance of QT interval variables from 24-h electrocardiography in the long QT syndrome.
European heart journal 1998 Neyroud N, Maison-Blanche P, Denjoy I, Chevret S, Donger C, Dausse E, Fayn J, Badilini F, Menhabi N, Schwartz K, Guicheney P, Coumel P -
Model for the assessment of heart period and arterial pressure variability interactions and of respiration influences.
Medical & biological engineering & computing 1994 Baselli G, Cerutti S, Badilini F, Biancardi L, Porta A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Malliani A -
Automatic detection of spatial and dynamic heterogeneity of repolarization.
Journal of electrocardiology 1994 Zareba W, Badilini F, Moss AJ -
Relation between ventricular repolarization duration and cardiac cycle length during 24-hour Holter recordings. Findings in normal patients and patients with long QT syndrome.
Circulation 1992 Merri M, Moss AJ, Benhorin J, Locati EH, Alberti M, Badilini F