David Julius, PhD
Professor
Physiology
School of Medicine

For example, we have asked how capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in "hot" chili peppers, elicits burning pain, and how menthol, the cooling agent in mint leaves, evokes an icy cool sensation. Using these and other agents as pharmacological probes, we have identified ion channels on sensory nerve fibers that are activated by heat, cold, or chemical irritants, providing molecular insight into the process of thermosensation, pain, and itch. With the aid of genetic, electrophysiological, structural, and behavioral methods, we are asking how these ion channels are modulated in response to tumor growth, infection, or other forms of injury that produce inflammation and pain hypersensitivity. These basic scientific studies are helping to lay a foundation for the discovery and development of novel analgesic drugs.

• Sensory TRP Channels in Three Dimensions.
  Annual review of biochemistry 2022 Diver MM, Lin King JV, Julius D, Cheng Y
• Structural snapshots of TRPV1 reveal mechanism of polymodal functionality.
  Cell 2021 Zhang K, Julius D, Cheng Y
• Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor.
  Nature 2020 Zhao J, Lin King JV, Paulsen CE, Cheng Y, Julius D
• Structural insights into TRPM8 inhibition and desensitization.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2019 Diver MM, Cheng Y, Julius D
• A Cell-Penetrating Scorpion Toxin Enables Mode-Specific Modulation of TRPA1 and Pain.
  Cell 2019 Lin King JV, Emrick JJ, Kelly MJS, Herzig V, King GF, Medzihradszky KF, Julius D
• Membrane mimetic systems in CryoEM: keeping membrane proteins in their native environment.
  Current opinion in structural biology 2019 Autzen HE, Julius D, Cheng Y
• Structural insight into TRPV5 channel function and modulation.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2019 Dang S, van Goor MK, Asarnow D, Wang Y, Julius D, Cheng Y, van der Wijst J
• Tissue-specific contributions of Tmem79 to atopic dermatitis and mast cell-mediated histaminergic itch.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2018 Emrick JJ, Mathur A, Wei J, Gracheva EO, Gronert K, Rosenblum MD, Julius D
• Molecular tuning of electroreception in sharks and skates.
  Nature 2018 Bellono NW, Leitch DB, Julius D
• Structure of the human TRPM4 ion channel in a lipid nanodisc.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2017 Autzen HE, Myasnikov AG, Campbell MG, Asarnow D, Julius D, Cheng Y
• Enterochromaffin Cells Are Gut Chemosensors that Couple to Sensory Neural Pathways.
  Cell 2017 Bellono NW, Bayrer JR, Leitch DB, Castro J, Zhang C, O'Donnell TA, Brierley SM, Ingraham HA, Julius D
• Pharmacology of the Nav1.1 domain IV voltage sensor reveals coupling between inactivation gating processes.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017 Osteen JD, Sampson K, Iyer V, Julius D, Bosmans F
• Lys49 myotoxin from the Brazilian lancehead pit viper elicits pain through regulated ATP release.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017 Zhang C, Medzihradszky KF, Sánchez EE, Basbaum AI, Julius D
• Molecular basis of ancestral vertebrate electroreception.
  Nature 2017 Bellono NW, Leitch DB, Julius D
• Selective spider toxins reveal a role for the Nav1.1 channel in mechanical pain.
  Nature 2016 Osteen JD, Herzig V, Gilchrist J, Emrick JJ, Zhang C, Wang X, Castro J, Garcia-Caraballo S, Grundy L, Rychkov GY, Weyer AD, Dekan Z, Undheim EA, Alewood P, Stucky CL, Brierley SM, Basbaum AI, Bosmans …
• TRPV1 structures in nanodiscs reveal mechanisms of ligand and lipid action.
  Nature 2016 Gao Y, Cao E, Julius D, Cheng Y
• Structure of the TRPA1 ion channel suggests regulatory mechanisms.
  Nature 2015 Paulsen CE, Armache JP, Gao Y, Cheng Y, Julius D
• Editorial overview: molecular biology of sensation.
  Current opinion in neurobiology 2015 Julius D, Carlson JR
• Structure of the TRPA1 ion channel suggests regulatory mechanisms.
  Nature 2015 Paulsen CE, Armache JP, Gao Y, Cheng Y, Julius D
• Single particle electron cryo-microscopy of a mammalian ion channel.
  Current opinion in structural biology 2014 Liao M, Cao E, Julius D, Cheng Y
• X-ray structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1-snake toxin complex reveals open state of a Na(+)-selective channel.
  Cell 2014 Baconguis I, Bohlen CJ, Goehring A, Julius D, Gouaux E
• Structure of the TRPV1 ion channel determined by electron cryo-microscopy.
  Nature 2013 Liao M, Cao E, Julius D, Cheng Y
• TRPV1 structures in distinct conformations reveal activation mechanisms.
  Nature 2013 Cao E, Liao M, Cheng Y, Julius D
• TRPV1 channels are intrinsically heat sensitive and negatively regulated by phosphoinositide lipids.
  Neuron 2013 Cao E, Cordero-Morales JF, Liu B, Qin F, Julius D
• TRP channels and pain.
  Annual review of cell and developmental biology 2013 Julius D
• Receptor-targeting mechanisms of pain-causing toxins: How ow?
  Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 2012 Bohlen CJ, Julius D
• Signaling by sensory receptors.
  Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2012 Julius D, Nathans J
• A heteromeric Texas coral snake toxin targets acid-sensing ion channels to produce pain.
  Nature 2011 Bohlen CJ, Chesler AT, Sharif-Naeini R, Medzihradszky KF, Zhou S, King D, Sánchez EE, Burlingame AL, Basbaum AI, Julius D
• Cytoplasmic ankyrin repeats of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) dictate sensitivity to thermal and chemical stimuli.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 Cordero-Morales JF, Gracheva EO, Julius D
• Ganglion-specific splicing of TRPV1 underlies infrared sensation in vampire bats.
  Nature 2011 Gracheva EO, Cordero-Morales JF, González-Carcacía JA, Ingolia NT, Manno C, Aranguren CI, Weissman JS, Julius D
• Restriction of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 to the peptidergic subset of primary afferent neurons follows its developmental downregulation in nonpeptidergic neurons.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011 Cavanaugh DJ, Chesler AT, Bráz JM, Shah NM, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Trpv1 reporter mice reveal highly restricted brain distribution and functional expression in arteriolar smooth muscle cells.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011 Cavanaugh DJ, Chesler AT, Jackson AC, Sigal YM, Yamanaka H, Grant R, O'Donnell D, Nicoll RA, Shah NM, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• A bivalent tarantula toxin activates the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, by targeting the outer pore domain.
  Cell 2010 Bohlen CJ, Priel A, Zhou S, King D, Siemens J, Julius D
• Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes.
  Nature 2010 Gracheva EO, Ingolia NT, Kelly YM, Cordero-Morales JF, Hollopeter G, Chesler AT, Sánchez EE, Perez JC, Weissman JS, Julius D
• Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain.
  Cell 2009 Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D
• Evolution of thermal response properties in a cold-activated TRP channel.
  PloS one 2009 Myers BR, Sigal YM, Julius D
• Radial stretch reveals distinct populations of mechanosensitive mammalian somatosensory neurons.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 Bhattacharya MR, Bautista DM, Wu K, Haeberle H, Lumpkin EA, Julius D
• Multiple unbiased prospective screens identify TRP channels and their conserved gating elements.
  The Journal of general physiology 2008 Myers BR, Saimi Y, Julius D, Kung C
• Zebrafish TRPA1 channels are required for chemosensation but not for thermosensation or mechanosensory hair cell function.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2008 Prober DA, Zimmerman S, Myers BR, McDermott BM, Kim SH, Caron S, Rihel J, Solnica-Krezel L, Julius D, Hudspeth AJ, Schier AF
• Pungent agents from Szechuan peppers excite sensory neurons by inhibiting two-pore potassium channels.
  Nature neuroscience 2008 Bautista DM, Sigal YM, Milstein AD, Garrison JL, Zorn JA, Tsuruda PR, Nicoll RA, Julius D
• A yeast genetic screen reveals a critical role for the pore helix domain in TRP channel gating.
  Neuron 2008 Myers BR, Bohlen CJ, Julius D
• Fire in the hole: pore dilation of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1.
  Nature neuroscience 2008 Bautista D, Julius D
• TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 McNamara CR, Mandel-Brehm J, Bautista DM, Siemens J, Deranian KL, Zhao M, Hayward NJ, Chong JA, Julius D, Moran MM, Fanger CM
• 4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007 Trevisani M, Siemens J, Materazzi S, Bautista DM, Nassini R, Campi B, Imamachi N, Andrè E, Patacchini R, Cottrell GS, Gatti R, Basbaum AI, Bunnett NW, Julius D, Geppetti P
• TRP channel structural biology: new roles for an old fold.
  Neuron 2007 Myers BR, Julius D
• The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold.
  Nature 2007 Bautista DM, Siemens J, Glazer JM, Tsuruda PR, Basbaum AI, Stucky CL, Jordt SE, Julius D
• Mechanical, thermal and formalin-induced nociception is differentially altered in 5-HT1A-/-, 5-HT1B-/-, 5-HT2A-/-, 5-HT3A-/- and 5-HTT-/- knock-out male mice.
  Pain 2007 Kayser V, Elfassi IE, Aubel B, Melfort M, Julius D, Gingrich JA, Hamon M, Bourgoin S
• TRP channel activation by reversible covalent modification.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 Hinman A, Chuang HH, Bautista DM, Julius D
• The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular nucleotides.
  Nature neuroscience 2006 Haynes SE, Hollopeter G, Yang G, Kurpius D, Dailey ME, Gan WB, Julius D
• Spider toxins activate the capsaicin receptor to produce inflammatory pain.
  Nature 2006 Siemens J, Zhou S, Piskorowski R, Nikai T, Lumpkin EA, Basbaum AI, King D, Julius D
• Differential contribution of TRPV1 to thermal responses and tissue injury-induced sensitization of dorsal horn neurons in laminae I and V in the mouse.
  Pain 2006 Eckert WA, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Coiled coils direct assembly of a cold-activated TRP channel.
  Neuron 2006 Tsuruda PR, Julius D, Minor DL
• Neuroanatomical evidence for segregation of nerve fibers conveying light touch and pain sensation in Eimer's organ of the mole.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 Marasco PD, Tsuruda PR, Bautista DM, Julius D, Catania KC
• Toward better pain control.
  Scientific American 2006 Basbaum AI, Julius D
• TRPA1 mediates the inflammatory actions of environmental irritants and proalgesic agents.
  Cell 2006 Bautista DM, Jordt SE, Nikai T, Tsuruda PR, Read AJ, Poblete J, Yamoah EN, Basbaum AI, Julius D
• International Union of Pharmacology. XLIX. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of transient receptor potential channels.
  Pharmacological reviews 2005 Clapham DE, Julius D, Montell C, Schultz G
• A neuropeptide courier for delta-opioid receptors?
  Cell 2005 Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 Bautista DM, Movahed P, Hinman A, Axelsson HE, Sterner O, Högestätt ED, Julius D, Jordt SE, Zygmunt PM
• Selective blockade of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 attenuates bone cancer pain.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2005 Ghilardi JR, Röhrich H, Lindsay TH, Sevcik MA, Schwei MJ, Kubota K, Halvorson KG, Poblete J, Chaplan SR, Dubin AE, Carruthers NI, Swanson D, Kuskowski M, Flores CM, Julius D, Mantyh PW
• From peppers to peppermints: natural products as probes of the pain pathway.
  Harvey lectures 2005 Julius D
• A Nobel for smell.
  Cell 2004 Julius D, Katz LC
• The super-cooling agent icilin reveals a mechanism of coincidence detection by a temperature-sensitive TRP channel.
  Neuron 2004 Chuang HH, Neuhausser WM, Julius D
• Uropathic observations in mice expressing a constitutively active point mutation in the 5-HT3A receptor subunit.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2004 Bhattacharya A, Dang H, Zhu QM, Schnegelsberg B, Rozengurt N, Cain G, Prantil R, Vorp DA, Guy N, Julius D, Ford AP, Lester HA, Cockayne DA
• Changes in anxiety-related behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in mice lacking the 5-HT-3A receptor.
  Physiology & behavior 2004 Bhatnagar S, Sun LM, Raber J, Maren S, Julius D, Dallman MF
• Co-localization of endomorphin-2 and substance P in primary afferent nociceptors and effects of injury: a light and electron microscopic study in the rat.
  The European journal of neuroscience 2004 Sanderson Nydahl K, Skinner K, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Immunoreactive TRPV-2 (VRL-1), a capsaicin receptor homolog, in the spinal cord of the rat.
  The Journal of comparative neurology 2004 Lewinter RD, Skinner K, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1.
  Nature 2004 Jordt SE, Bautista DM, Chuang HH, McKemy DD, Zygmunt PM, Högestätt ED, Meng ID, Julius D
• International Union of Pharmacology. XLIII. Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: transient receptor potential channels.
  Pharmacological reviews 2003 Clapham DE, Montell C, Schultz G, Julius D, International Union of Pharmacology
• Lessons from peppers and peppermint: the molecular logic of thermosensation.
  Current opinion in neurobiology 2003 Jordt SE, McKemy DD, Julius D
• A modular PIP2 binding site as a determinant of capsaicin receptor sensitivity.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2003 Prescott ED, Julius D
• Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation.
  Nature 2002 McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D
• Molecular basis for species-specific sensitivity to "hot" chili peppers.
  Cell 2002 Jordt SE, Julius D
• A unified nomenclature for the superfamily of TRP cation channels.
  Molecular cell 2002 Montell C, Birnbaumer L, Flockerzi V, Bindels RJ, Bruford EA, Caterina MJ, Clapham DE, Harteneck C, Heller S, Julius D, Kojima I, Mori Y, Penner R, Prawitt D, Scharenberg AM, Schultz G, Shimizu N, Zhu…
• The 5-HT3 subtype of serotonin receptor contributes to nociceptive processing via a novel subset of myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptors.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2002 Zeitz KP, Guy N, Malmberg AB, Dirajlal S, Martin WJ, Sun L, Bonhaus DW, Stucky CL, Julius D, Basbaum AI
• Molecular mechanisms of nociception.
  Nature 2001 Julius D, Basbaum AI
• ATP transduces signals from ASGM1, a glycolipid that functions as a bacterial receptor.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 McNamara N, Khong A, McKemy D, Caterina M, Boyer J, Julius D, Basbaum C
• Bradykinin and nerve growth factor release the capsaicin receptor from PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated inhibition.
  Nature 2001 Chuang HH, Prescott ED, Kong H, Shields S, Jordt SE, Basbaum AI, Chao MV, Julius D
• Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs.
  Nature 2001 Hollopeter G, Jantzen HM, Vincent D, Li G, England L, Ramakrishnan V, Yang RB, Nurden P, Nurden A, Julius D, Conley PB
• The vanilloid receptor: a molecular gateway to the pain pathway.
  Annual review of neuroscience 2001 Caterina MJ, Julius D
• Acid potentiation of the capsaicin receptor determined by a key extracellular site.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 Jordt SE, Tominaga M, Julius D
• Capsaicin receptor in the pain pathway.
  Japanese journal of pharmacology 2000 Tominaga M, Julius D
• Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 2000 Caterina MJ, Leffler A, Malmberg AB, Martin WJ, Trafton J, Petersen-Zeitz KR, Koltzenburg M, Basbaum AI, Julius D
• Sense and specificity: a molecular identity for nociceptors.
  Current opinion in neurobiology 1999 Caterina MJ, Julius D
• Unsaturated long-chain N-acyl-vanillyl-amides (N-AVAMs): vanilloid receptor ligands that inhibit anandamide-facilitated transport and bind to CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1999 Melck D, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L, Chuang H, Julius D, Bifulco M, Di Marzo V
• Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide.
  Nature 1999 Zygmunt PM, Petersson J, Andersson DA, Chuang H, Sørgård M, Di Marzo V, Julius D, Högestätt ED
• A capsaicin-receptor homologue with a high threshold for noxious heat.
  Nature 1999 Caterina MJ, Rosen TA, Tominaga M, Brake AJ, Julius D
• Serotonin receptor knockouts: a moody subject.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 Julius D
• The cloned capsaicin receptor integrates multiple pain-producing stimuli.
  Neuron 1998 Tominaga M, Caterina MJ, Malmberg AB, Rosen TA, Gilbert H, Skinner K, Raumann BE, Basbaum AI, Julius D
• Neuronal expression of the 5HT3 serotonin receptor gene requires nuclear factor 1 complexes.
  The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1998 Bedford FK, Julius D, Ingraham HA
• Inactivation of a serotonin-gated ion channel by a polypeptide toxin from marine snails.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1998 England LJ, Imperial J, Jacobsen R, Craig AG, Gulyas J, Akhtar M, Rivier J, Julius D, Olivera BM
• The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway.
  Nature 1997 Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D
• ATP receptors in sickness, pain and death.
  Chemistry & biology 1996 Brake A, Schumacher M, Julius D
• Signaling by extracellular nucleotides.
  Annual review of cell and developmental biology 1996 Brake AJ, Julius D
• Pharmacology. Home for an orphan endorphin.
  Nature 1995 Julius D
• Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors.
  Nature 1995 Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, Strack AM, Lowenstein DH, Dallman MF, Julius D
• Expression of a serotonin-gated ion channel in embryonic neural and nonneural tissues.
  Molecular and cellular neurosciences 1995 Tecott L, Shtrom S, Julius D
• New structural motif for ligand-gated ion channels defined by an ionotropic ATP receptor.
  Nature 1994 Brake AJ, Wagenbach MJ, Julius D
• A new wave of serotonin receptors.
  Current opinion in neurobiology 1993 Tecott LH, Julius D
• Expression cloning of an ATP receptor from mouse neuroblastoma cells.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 Lustig KD, Shiau AK, Brake AJ, Julius D
• Substitution of three amino acids switches receptor specificity of Gq alpha to that of Gi alpha.
  Nature 1993 Conklin BR, Farfel Z, Lustig KD, Julius D, Bourne HR
• Nervous system distribution of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor mRNA.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 Tecott LH, Maricq AV, Julius D
• Serotonin receptor 1c gene assigned to X chromosome in human (band q24) and mouse (bands D-F4).
  Human molecular genetics 1992 Milatovich A, Hsieh CL, Bonaminio G, Tecott L, Julius D, Francke U
• Effects of 5-HT1C-receptor expression on cell proliferation control in hamster fibroblasts: serotonin fails to induce a transformed phenotype.
  Experimental cell research 1992 Kahan C, Julius D, Pouysségur J, Seuwen K
• Primary structure and functional expression of the 5HT3 receptor, a serotonin-gated ion channel.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1991 Maricq AV, Peterson AS, Brake AJ, Myers RM, Julius D
• Molecular biology of serotonin receptors.
  Annual review of neuroscience 1991 Julius D
• The serotonin receptor subtype 2 locus HTR2 is on human chromosome 13 near genes for esterase D and retinoblastoma-1 and on mouse chromosome 14.
  Somatic cell and molecular genetics 1990 Hsieh CL, Bowcock AM, Farrer LA, Hebert JM, Huang KN, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Julius D, Francke U
• The 5HT2 receptor defines a family of structurally distinct but functionally conserved serotonin receptors.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990 Julius D, Huang KN, Livelli TJ, Axel R, Jessell TM
• 5-HT1c receptor is a prominent serotonin receptor subtype in the central nervous system.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989 Molineaux SM, Jessell TM, Axel R, Julius D
• Ectopic expression of the serotonin 1c receptor and the triggering of malignant transformation.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1989 Julius D, Livelli TJ, Jessell TM, Axel R
• Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA encoding the serotonin 1c receptor.
  Science (New York, N.Y.) 1988 Julius D, MacDermott AB, Axel R, Jessell TM
• Functional expression of the 5-HT1c receptor in neuronal and nonneuronal cells.
  Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology 1988 Julius D, MacDermott AB, Jessel TM, Huang K, Molineaux S, Schieren I, Axel R
• Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-alpha-factor.
  Cell 1984 Julius D, Brake A, Blair L, Kunisawa R, Thorner J
• Glycosylation and processing of prepro-alpha-factor through the yeast secretory pathway.
  Cell 1984 Julius D, Schekman R, Thorner J
• A functional prepro-alpha-factor gene in Saccharomyces yeasts can contain three, four, or five repeats of the mature pheromone sequence.
  Molecular and cellular biology 1983 Brake AJ, Julius DJ, Thorner J
• Yeast alpha factor is processed from a larger precursor polypeptide: the essential role of a membrane-bound dipeptidyl aminopeptidase.
  Cell 1983 Julius D, Blair L, Brake A, Sprague G, Thorner J
• Isomeric specificity of aminoacylation of wheat germ transfer ribonucleic acid and the specificity of interaction of elongation factor Tu with aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid.
  Biochemistry 1979 Julius DJ, Fraser TH, Rich A
• Determination of aminoacylation isomeric specificity using tRNA terminating in 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine and 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine.
  Methods in enzymology 1979 Fraser TH, Julius DJ, Rich A