Charles Higgins, MD
Professor Emeritus
Radiology
School of Medicine

He completed a residency from the University of California, Los Angeles and a residency from the University of California, San Diego, followed by a fellowship in Cardiovascular Radiology from Stanford University Hospital, California.

Dr. Higgins is an expert in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, acquired heart disease, thoracic aortic disease, and contrast media. He has laboratory research on interventional MRI, which is developing MR guided techniques for transcatheter delivery of aortic and pulmonary valves and aortic stents in pigs and dogs.

Dr. Higgins has delivered 36 titled lectureships in the Unites States and abroad. He is and has been a member of the editorial boards of 14 scientific journals, and he is currently a member of Circulation, the American Journal of Cardiology, the Journal of American College of Cardiology, the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and the Journal of Cardiovascular MR. Dr. Higgins has published 746 articles, and he has written 126 book chapters and 26 books.

Expertise: Cardiac and Pulmonary Imaging

Specialty: Heart and thoracic disease

Professional Interests: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, acquired heart disease, thoracic aortic disease, and contrast media

Education and Training:

• Medical School: Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia
• Internship: University of California, Los Angeles
• Residency: University of California, Los Angeles
• Residency: University of California, San Diego
• Fellowship: Stanford University Hospital, California - Cardiovascular Radiology

• CMR assessment of right ventricular function in patients with combined pulmonary stenosis and insufficiency after correction of tetralogy of Fallot.
  Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2013 Kohi MP, Ordovas KG, Naeger DM, Meadows AK, Foster E, Higgins CB
• Cardiovascular MR imaging after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot: approach based on understanding of surgical procedures.
  Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2013 Ordovas KG, Muzzarelli S, Hope MD, Naeger DM, Karl T, Reddy GP, Marchiori E, Higgins CB
• Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic myocardial disease.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2013 Moraes GL, Higgins CB, Ordovas KG
• Magnetic resonance imaging of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2013 Cannavale A, Ordovás KG, Higgins CB
• Zoonotic infections among employees from Great Smoky Mountains and Rocky Mountain National Parks, 2008-2009.
  Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) 2012 Adjemian J, Weber IB, McQuiston J, Griffith KS, Mead PS, Nicholson W, Roche A, Schriefer M, Fischer M, Kosoy O, Laven JJ, Stoddard RA, Hoffmaster AR, Smith T, Bui D, Wilkins PP, Jones JL, Gupton PN, …
• Collateral flow measurement by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of systemic venous baffle patency after atrial switch repair for transposition of the great arteries.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2012 Muzzarelli S, Ordovas KG, Higgins CB, Meadows AK
• Heart as a source of stroke: imaging evaluation with computed tomography.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2012 Chung JH, Mitsumori LM, Ordovas KG, Elicker BM, Higgins CB, Reddy GP
• Potential of delayed gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging for quantification of reverse remodeling of the peri-infarct zone in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy treated with chronic vasodilator therapy: initial experience.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2012 Muzzarelli S, Ordovas KG, Cannavale G, Naeger D, Michaels AD, Higgins CB
• Usefulness of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to predict the need for intervention in patients with coarctation of the aorta.
  The American journal of cardiology 2011 Muzzarelli S, Meadows AK, Ordovas KG, Higgins CB, Meadows JJ
• Delayed contrast enhancement on MR images of myocardium: past, present, future.
  Radiology 2011 Ordovas KG, Higgins CB
• Impaired regional left ventricular strain after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2011 Ordovas KG, Carlsson M, Lease KE, Foster E, Meadows AK, Martin AJ, Hope M, Do L, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Prediction of hemodynamic severity of coarctation by magnetic resonance imaging.
  The American journal of cardiology 2011 Muzzarelli S, Meadows AK, Ordovas KG, Hope MD, Higgins CB, Nielsen JC, Geva T, Meadows JJ
• 4D flow CMR in assessment of valve-related ascending aortic disease.
  JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2011 Hope MD, Hope TA, Crook SE, Ordovas KG, Urbania TH, Alley MT, Higgins CB
• Diagnostic value of the flow profile in the distal descending aorta by phase-contrast magnetic resonance for predicting severe coarctation of the aorta.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2011 Muzzarelli S, Ordovas KG, Hope MD, Meadows JJ, Higgins CB, Meadows AK
• Cardiovascular MRI for the assessment of heart failure: focus on clinical management and prognosis.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2011 Muzzarelli S, Ordovas K, Higgins CB
• Tetralogy of Fallot: impact of the excursion of the interventricular septum on left ventricular systolic function and fibrosis after surgical repair.
  Radiology 2011 Muzzarelli S, Ordovas KG, Cannavale G, Meadows AK, Higgins CB
• Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging with wall shear stress analysis before and after repair of aortopulmonary fistula.
  Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 2010 Hope MD, Hope TA, Urbania TH, Higgins CB
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype and myocardial crypts.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2010 Cannavale A, Ordovás KG, Rame EJ, Higgins CB
• Unroofing the diagnosis.
  The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2010 Cannavale G, Higgins CB, Ordovas KG
• Bicuspid aortic valve: four-dimensional MR evaluation of ascending aortic systolic flow patterns.
  Radiology 2010 Hope MD, Hope TA, Meadows AK, Ordovas KG, Urbania TH, Alley MT, Higgins CB
• Clinical evaluation of aortic coarctation with 4D flow MR imaging.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2010 Hope MD, Meadows AK, Hope TA, Ordovas KG, Saloner D, Reddy GP, Alley MT, Higgins CB
• Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance guidelines for reporting cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations.
  Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2009 Hundley WG, Bluemke D, Bogaert JG, Friedrich MG, Higgins CB, Lawson MA, McConnell MV, Raman SV, van Rossum AC, Flamm S, Kramer CM, Nagel E, Neubauer S
• Early use of contrast in cardiac magnetic resonance.
  JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2009 Higgins CB
• Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential gold standard for infarct quantification.
  Journal of electrocardiology 2008 Carlsson M, Arheden H, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Permanent coronary artery occlusion: cardiovascular MR imaging is platform for percutaneous transendocardial delivery and assessment of gene therapy in canine model.
  Radiology 2008 Saeed M, Martin A, Jacquier A, Bucknor M, Saloner D, Do L, Ursell P, Su H, Kan YW, Higgins CB
• MR assessment of myocardial perfusion, viability, and function after intramyocardial transfer of VM202, a new plasmid human hepatocyte growth factor in ischemic swine myocardium.
  Radiology 2008 Saeed M, Martin A, Ursell P, Do L, Bucknor M, Higgins CB, Saloner D
• Magnetic resonance imaging in the adult with congenital heart disease.
  Seminars in roentgenology 2008 Knauth Meadows A, Ordovas K, Higgins CB, Reddy GP
• MRI in nonischemic acquired heart disease.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2008 Ordovás KG, Reddy GP, Higgins CB
• Images in cardiovascular medicine. Evaluation of bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation with 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging.
  Circulation 2008 Hope MD, Meadows AK, Hope TA, Ordovas KG, Reddy GP, Alley MT, Higgins CB
• MR imaging assessment of the kinetics of P846, a new gadolinium-based MR contrast medium, in ischemically injured myocardium.
  Contrast media & molecular imaging 2008 Jacquier A, Wendland M, Do L, Robert P, Corot C, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• MR imaging of ischemic heart disease.
  Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America 2008 Reddy GP, Pujadas S, Ordovas KG, Higgins CB
• P846, a new gadolinium based low diffusion magnetic resonance contrast agent, in characterizing occlusive infarcts, reperfused ischemic myocardium and reperfused infarcts in rats.
  Magma (New York, N.Y.) 2008 Jacquier A, Bucknor M, Do L, Robert P, Corot C, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Left ventricular postmyocardial infarction remodeling studied by combining MR-tagging with delayed MR contrast enhancement.
  Investigative radiology 2008 Mewton N, Croisille P, Revel D, Weber O, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Injection of adeno-associated viral vector encoding vascular endothelial growth factor gene in infarcted swine myocardium: MR measurements of left ventricular function and strain.
  Radiology 2007 Jacquier A, Higgins CB, Martin AJ, Do L, Saloner D, Saeed M
• Effect of chronic sustained-release dipyridamole on myocardial blood flow and left ventricular function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
  Congestive heart failure (Greenwich, Conn.) 2007 Akhtar M, Ordovas K, Martin A, Higgins CB, Michaels AD
• Disparity between ratios of diameters and blood flows in central pulmonary arteries in postoperative congenital heart disease using MRI.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2007 Ordovás KG, Tan C, Reddy GP, Weber OM, Lu Y, Higgins CB
• Adeno-associated viral vector-encoding vascular endothelial growth factor gene: effect on cardiovascular MR perfusion and infarct resorption measurements in swine.
  Radiology 2007 Saeed M, Saloner D, Martin A, Do L, Weber O, Ursell PC, Jacquier A, Lee R, Higgins CB
• Images in cardiovascular medicine. Magnetic resonance imaging of a posttraumatic myocardial infarction and ventricular septal defect with a closure device in place.
  Circulation 2007 Jun SL, Chanani NK, Moore P, Higgins CB
• Guidelines for training in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR).
  Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2007 Kim RJ, de Roos A, Fleck E, Higgins CB, Pohost GM, Prince M, Manning WJ, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Clinical Practice Committee
• MR imaging in assessing cardiovascular interventions and myocardial injury.
  Contrast media & molecular imaging 2007 Jacquier A, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Discrimination of myocardial acute and chronic (scar) infarctions on delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with intravascular magnetic resonance contrast media.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 Saeed M, Weber O, Lee R, Do L, Martin A, Saloner D, Ursell P, Robert P, Corot C, Higgins CB
• ACR practice guideline for the performance and interpretation of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2006 Woodard PK, Bluemke DA, Cascade PN, Finn JP, Stillman AE, Higgins CB, White RD, Yucel EK, American College of Radiology
• Delivery and assessment of endovascular stents to repair aortic coarctation using MR and X-ray imaging.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2006 Saeed M, Henk CB, Weber O, Martin A, Wilson M, Shunk K, Saloner D, Higgins CB
• Phase contrast MR imaging to measure changes in collateral blood flow after stenting of recurrent aortic coarctation: initial experience.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2006 Pujadas S, Reddy GP, Weber O, Tan C, Moore P, Higgins CB
• MR guidance of targeted injections into border and core of scarred myocardium in pigs.
  Radiology 2006 Saeed M, Martin AJ, Lee RJ, Weber O, Revel D, Saloner D, Higgins CB
• Meeting highlights of the 9th annual scientific sessions of the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Miami, Florida, January 20-22, 2006.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 Kramer CM, Neubauer S, Kraitchman D, Higgins CB, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Manning WJ
• MR evaluation of cardiovascular physiology in congenital heart disease: flow and function.
  Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2006 Weber OM, Higgins CB
• Scarred myocardium imposes additional burden on remote viable myocardium despite a reduction in the extent of area with late contrast MR enhancement.
  European radiology 2005 Saeed M, Lee RJ, Weber O, Do L, Martin A, Ursell P, Saloner D, Higgins CB
• Endovascular interventional MRI.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2005 Henk CB, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Meeting highlights of the 8th Annual Scientific Sessions of the Society For Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, January 21 to 23, 2005.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005 Kramer CM, Friedrich MG, Neubauer S, Stuber M, Geva T, Higgins CB, Manning WJ
• Gadomer-enhanced MR imaging in the detection of microvascular obstruction: alleviation with nicorandil therapy.
  Radiology 2005 Krombach GA, Higgins CB, Chujo M, Saeed M
• Combined pulmonary stenosis and insufficiency preserves myocardial contractility in the developing heart of growing swine at midterm follow-up.
  Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2005 Kuehne T, Gleason BK, Saeed M, Turner D, Weil J, Teitel DF, Higgins CB, Moore P
• Imaging findings in Takayasu's arteritis.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2005 Gotway MB, Araoz PA, Macedo TA, Stanson AW, Higgins CB, Ring EJ, Dawn SK, Webb WR, Leung JW, Reddy GP
• Long-term oral treatment with nicorandil prevents the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and preserves viability.
  Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2005 Schalla S, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Myocardial blood flow in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: quantitative assessment with velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary sinus.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2005 Watzinger N, Lund GK, Saeed M, Reddy GP, Araoz PA, Yang M, Schwartz AB, Bedigian M, Higgins CB
• Balloon sizing and transcatheter closure of acute atrial septal defects guided by magnetic resonance fluoroscopy: assessment and validation in a large animal model.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2005 Schalla S, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Weber O, Martin A, Moore P
• Magnetic resonance imaging-guided transcatheter implantation of a prosthetic valve in aortic valve position: Feasibility study in swine.
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004 Kuehne T, Yilmaz S, Meinus C, Moore P, Saeed M, Weber O, Higgins CB, Blank T, Elsaesser E, Schnackenburg B, Ewert P, Lange PE, Nagel E
• Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report.
  European heart journal 2004 Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic …
• Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of right ventricular pressure-volume loops: in vivo validation and clinical application in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
  Circulation 2004 Kuehne T, Yilmaz S, Steendijk P, Moore P, Groenink M, Saaed M, Weber O, Higgins CB, Ewert P, Fleck E, Nagel E, Schulze-Neick I, Lange P
• Effect of potassium-channel opener therapy on reperfused infarction in hypertrophied hearts: demonstration of preconditioning by using functional and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
  Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2004 Schalla S, Higgins CB, Chujo M, Saeed M
• Free-breathing, three-dimensional coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography: comparison of sequences.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2004 Weber OM, Pujadas S, Martin AJ, Higgins CB
• Magnetic resonance imaging in myocardial ischemia.
  Current opinion in cardiology 2004 Viswamitra S, Higgins CB, Meacham DF, Mehta JL
• MR imaging assessment of cardiac function.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2004 Pujadas S, Reddy GP, Weber O, Lee JJ, Higgins CB
• Transendocardial delivery of extracellular myocardial markers by using combination X-ray/MR fluoroscopic guidance: feasibility study in dogs.
  Radiology 2004 Saeed M, Lee R, Martin A, Weber O, Krombach GA, Schalla S, Lee M, Saloner D, Higgins CB
• Acute myocardial infarction: evaluation with first-pass enhancement and delayed enhancement MR imaging compared with 201Tl SPECT imaging.
  Radiology 2004 Lund GK, Stork A, Saeed M, Bansmann MP, Gerken JH, Müller V, Mester J, Higgins CB, Adam G, Meinertz T
• Accentuation of high susceptibility of hypertrophied myocardium to ischemia: complementary assessment of Gadophrin-enhancement and left ventricular function with MRI.
  Magnetic resonance in medicine 2004 Schalla S, Wendland MF, Higgins CB, Ebert W, Saeed M
• Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report.
  Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2004 Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK, European Society of cardiology, Soceity for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
• Comparison of late enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance and thallium SPECT in patients with coronary disease and left ventricular dysfunction.
  Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2004 Ansari M, Araoz PA, Gerard SK, Watzinger N, Lund GK, Massie BM, Higgins CB, Saloner DA
• Contrast-enhanced MR delineation of stunned myocardium with administration of MnCl(2) in rats.
  Radiology 2004 Krombach GA, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Novikov V, Wendland MF
• Malignant pleural mesothelioma: evaluation with CT, MR imaging, and PET.
  Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2004 Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB, Higgins CB, Jablons DM, Ramaswamy M, Hawkins RA, Webb WR
• Whole-heart steady-state free precession coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography.
  Magnetic resonance in medicine 2003 Weber OM, Martin AJ, Higgins CB
• Distribution of intramyocardially injected extracellular MR contrast medium: effects of concentration and volume.
  European radiology 2003 Krombach GA, Baireuther R, Higgins CB, Saeed M
• Effects of pulmonary insufficiency on biventricular function in the developing heart of growing swine.
  Circulation 2003 Kuehne T, Saeed M, Gleason K, Turner D, Teitel D, Higgins CB, Moore P
• CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease.
  Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2003 Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB, Yeh BM, Hetts SW, Higgins CB
• Cardiovascular shunts: MR imaging evaluation.
  Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2003 Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB, Yeh BM, Higgins CB
• Helical CT pulmonary angiography predictors of in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
  Journal of thoracic imaging 2003 Araoz PA, Gotway MB, Trowbridge RL, Bailey RA, Auerbach AD, Reddy GP, Dawn SK, Webb WR, Higgins CB
• Interventional cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
  Seminars in roentgenology 2003 Weber OM, Schalla S, Martin AJ, Saeed M, Lee R, Shunk KA, Moore P, Higgins CB
• Magnetic resonance imaging in ischemic heart disease.
  Seminars in roentgenology 2003 Pujadas S, Reddy GP, Lee JJ, Higgins CB
• Magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease: evaluation of morphology and function.
  Seminars in roentgenology 2003 Reddy GP, Higgins CB
• Magnetic resonance--guided cardiac catheterization in a swine model of atrial septal defect.
  Circulation 2003 Schalla S, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Martin A, Weber O, Moore P
• Chronic heart failure: global left ventricular perfusion and coronary flow reserve with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging: initial results.
  Radiology 2003 Lund GK, Watzinger N, Saeed M, Reddy GP, Yang M, Araoz PA, Curatola D, Bedigian M, Higgins CB
• Endovascular stents in pulmonary valve and artery in swine: feasibility study of MR imaging-guided deployment and postinterventional assessment.
  Radiology 2003 Kuehne T, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Gleason K, Krombach GA, Weber OM, Martin AJ, Turner D, Teitel D, Moore P
• MR findings of collateral circulation are more accurate measures of hemodynamic significance than arm-leg blood pressure gradient after repair of coarctation of the aorta.
  Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2003 Araoz PA, Reddy GP, Tarnoff H, Roge CL, Higgins CB
• MR imaging of hepatic pulmonary fusion in neonates.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2003 Keller RL, Aaroz PA, Hawgood S, Higgins CB
• MR Imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: morphologic findings and interobserver reliability.
  Cardiology 2003 Bluemke DA, Krupinski EA, Ovitt T, Gear K, Unger E, Axel L, Boxt LM, Casolo G, Ferrari VA, Funaki B, Globits S, Higgins CB, Julsrud P, Lipton M, Mawson J, Nygren A, Pennell DJ, Stillman A, White RD, …
• MR portal venography: preliminary results of fast acquisition without contrast material or breath holding.
  Academic radiology 2002 Wilson MW, LaBerge JM, Kerlan RK, Martin AJ, Weber OM, Roberts T, Vitalich C, Higgins CB, Gordon RL
• Hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue: spectrum of appearances on noninvasive imaging.
  AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2002 Gotway MB, Leung JW, Gooding GA, Litt HI, Reddy GP, Morita ET, Webb WR, Clark OH, Higgins CB
• Quantification of flow dynamics in congenital heart disease: applications of velocity-encoded cine MR imaging.
  Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2002 Varaprasathan GA, Araoz PA, Higgins CB, Reddy GP
• Assessment of myocardial viability using standard extracellular and necrosis specific MR contrast media.
  Academic radiology 2002 Saeed M, Wendland MF, Bremerich GL, Weinmann HJ, Higgins CB
• Blood pool contrast-enhanced MRI detects suppression of microvascular permeability in early postinfarction reperfusion after nicorandil therapy.
  Magnetic resonance in medicine 2002 Krombach GA, Higgins CB, Chujo M, Saeed M
• Influence of blood-pool contrast media on MR imaging and flow measurements in the presence of pulmonary arterial stents in swine.
  Radiology 2002 Kuehne T, Saeed M, Moore P, Gleason K, Reddy G, Teitel D, Higgins CB
• Thallium-like test for myocardial viability with MnDPDP-enhanced MRI.
  Academic radiology 2002 Wendland MF, Saeed M, Bremerich J, Arheden H, Higgins CB
• Images in cardiovascular medicine. Magnetic resonance angiography of criss-cross heart.
  Circulation 2002 Araoz PA, Reddy GP, Thomson PD, Higgins CB