Anil Makam, MD, MAS
Associate Professor
Medicine
School of Medicine
Anil Makam, MD, MAS, is a hospital medicine physician and a health services and policy researcher. His research is at the intersection of hospital medicine, geriatrics, and post-acute care, specifically focusing on the role of long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs).
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His research interest stemmed from his observation that Dallas had many LTACHs whereas San Francisco had very few, yet he cared for similarly sick and frail hospitalized older adults in both places. His research has been funded by the NIA and the Donaghue Foundation. Dr. Makam applies health services research and epidemiological methods using Medicare claims, EHR data, and prospective observational cohort data to examine predictors and variation in LTACH use, comparative effectiveness of the LTACH model of care, and patterns and prognosis of recovery for older adults transferred to LTACHs, including a national multicenter COVID19 recovery cohort called RAFT COVID.
Dr. Makam also studies outcomes, utilization, and prognostication for other common conditions experienced by hospitalized adults including pneumonia, sepsis, acute coronary syndrome, end stage kidney disease, and diabetes; as well as the quality and the complications of inpatient medicine, such as hospital-acquired anemia, readmissions, vital signs, and core populations of safety net hospitals, including uninsured individuals, addiction medicine, jail health, and undocumented immigrants.
Dr. Makam is also deeply passionate about mentorship, evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal of the clinical scientific literature. He has published his framework for the practice of EBM as a State-of-the-Art review article in Circulation. He has also published a number of studies on EBM, high value care, and overuse of common medical practices. He has had extensive experience teaching EBM and critical appraisal to trainees and faculty members. At UCSF he is the Co-Director of the CTSI K-Grant Writing Workshop, an Inquiry Advisor for the School of Medicine, and Co-Director of Academic Development & Research for the Division of Hospital Medicine at San Francisco General Hospital. Nationally he peer reviews for leading medical journals and MedPAC reports to Congress, was an Associate Editor for the Journal of Hospital Medicine (2015-2023), and is an Evidence Author consultant for the Institute of Clinical and Economic Review, a leading voice in assessing the value of medical innovations. Lastly, he has an active presence on Twitter.
Dr. Makam’s research has been published in leading medical journals, including JAMA, JAMA Internal Medicine, Circulation, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, BMJ Quality & Safety has been cited by the Institute of Medicine and Wikipedia articles; and has been featured in prominent news outlets, including the New York Times. He has received several research awards, including the Arti Hurria Memorial Award for Emerging Investigators in Internal Medicine Who are Focused on the Care of Older Adults by the American Geriatrics Society.
Awards
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- Arti Hurria Memorial Award for Emerging Investigators in Internal Medicine Focused on Older Adults, American Geriatrics Society, 2022
- Outstanding Educator Award, Division of Hospital Medicine at SFGH, UCSF, 2020
- Older Adults with Serious Illness Best Paper Award (mentee awarded), American Geriatrics Society, 2019
- New Investigator Award, American Geriatrics Society, 2018
- (mentor) Research, Innovation, Vignettes (RIV) Competition Honorable Mention in Innovation, Society of Hospital Medicine Annual Conference, 2018
- (mentor) Housestaff Research Award Honorable Mention, Hopkins GIM Housestaff Research National Competition, 2017
- Behavioral Health & Health Services Research Abstract Scholarship, American Thoracic Society, 2016
- NIH Loan Repayment Program Award, NHLBI, 2014-2022
- KL2 Clinical and Translational Research Scholar, UT Southwestern Medical Center; NIH/NCATS, 2014-2016
- Hamolsky Junior Faculty Research Award Finalist (not awarded), SGIM Annual Meeting, 2014
- Best Research Poster, California-Hawaii Regional SGIM Annual Meeting, 2013
- Lipkin Award Finalist (not awarded), SGIM Annual Meeting, 2013
- Best Oral Presentation by Jr. Investigator, Bay Area Clinical Research Symposium, 2012
Education & Training
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- MAS Clinical Research UCSF 2013
- Fellowship Primary Care Research Fellowship UCSF 2013
- Residency Internal Medicine UT Southwestern 2010
- MD Medicine Drexel University College of Medicine 2007
- BS Biochemistry Lehigh University 2003
Interests
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- Geriatrics
- big data
- High Value Care
- Observational studies
- Epidemiology
- Health Policy
- Health Services Research
- Long-Term Acute Care Hospital
- Medicare
- Quasi Experimental Study Designs
- Hospital Medicine
- Comparative Effectiveness
- data analysis
- Electronic Health Record
- Clinical Reasoning
- Risk Prediction Modeling
- Quality of Care
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Post-Acute Care
Websites
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- @@AnilMakam on Twitter (twitter.com)
Grants and Projects
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- RAFT COVID: Recovery after LTACH Transfer for Older Adults, The Donaghue Foundation, 2021-2022
- Post-acute care in the elderly: the role of long-term acute care hospitals, NIH, 2016-2022
- Role of Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals, NIH, 2016-2019
Publications (65)
Top publication keywords:
HospitalsPatient ReadmissionRespiratory RatePneumoniaSkilled Nursing FacilitiesPatient DischargeThiazidesElectronic Health RecordsSubacute CarePatient TransferUndocumented ImmigrantsHospitalizationMedicareCardiologyLong-Term Care
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The Clinical Course after Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Admission among Older Medicare Beneficiaries.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019 Makam AN, Tran T, Miller ME, Xuan L, Nguyen OK, Halm EA -
Factors Associated With Variation in Long-term Acute Care Hospital vs Skilled Nursing Facility Use Among Hospitalized Older Adults.
JAMA internal medicine 2018 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Xuan L, Miller ME, Goodwin JS, Halm EA -
An Evidence-Based Medicine Approach to Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus to Overcome Overtreatment.
Circulation 2017 Makam AN, Nguyen OK -
Vital Signs Are Still Vital: Instability on Discharge and the Risk of Post-Discharge Adverse Outcomes.
Journal of general internal medicine 2016 Nguyen OK, Makam AN, Clark C, Zhang S, Xie B, Velasco F, Amarasingham R, Halm EA -
Use of cardiac biomarker testing in the emergency department.
JAMA internal medicine 2015 Makam AN, Nguyen OK
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Disparities in Use of Novel Diabetes Medications by Insurance: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study.
Journal of general internal medicine 2024 Bepo L, Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Unlinking Time Zero From Test-Negative Controls Exaggerates Risk From COVID-19.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 Makam AN -
Iptacopan and danicopan for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy 2024 Fahim SM, Makam AN, Suh K, Carlson JJ, Richardson M, Herce-Hagiwara B, Dickerson R, Pearson SD, Agboola F -
Survival, Function, and Cognition After Hospitalization in Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals.
JAMA network open 2024 Jain S, Gan S, Nguyen OK, Sudore RL, Steinman MA, Covinsky K, Makam AN -
One-Year Recovery Among Survivors of Prolonged Severe COVID-19: A National Multicenter Cohort.
Critical care medicine 2024 Makam AN, Burnfield J, Prettyman E, Nguyen OK, Wu N, Espejo E, Blat C, Boscardin WJ, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Covinsky KE, Votto J, Recovery After Transfer to an LTACH for COVID-19 (RAFT COVID) Study -
Concerns Regarding Strength of Conclusions in Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Neuroradiological Abnormalities in First-Episode Psychosis.
JAMA psychiatry 2024 Makam AN -
Staying against medical advice.
Journal of hospital medicine 2023 Haber LA, Erickson HP, Makam AN -
Characterizing patients hospitalized without an acute care indication: A retrospective cohort study.
Journal of hospital medicine 2023 Rosenthal MA, Ranji SR, Kanzaria HK, Ortiz GM, Chase J, Chodos AH, Nguyen OK, Rodriguez EG, Makam AN -
The effectiveness and value of AMX0035 and oral edaravone for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A summary from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review's Midwest Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council.
Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy 2023 Nikitin D, Makam AN, Suh K, McKenna A, Carlson JJ, Richardson M, Rind DM, Pearson SD -
Prevalence and Characteristics of Hospitalizations with Unhealthy Alcohol Use in a Safety-Net Hospital from 2016 to 2018.
Journal of general internal medicine 2022 Martin M, Clement J, Defries T, Makam AN, Nguyen OK -
Are disruptions to geographic cohorting safe?
Journal of hospital medicine 2022 Kohn R, Makam AN -
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Versus Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk for Cardiovascular Outcomes in Routine Care Patients With Diabetes Across Categories of Cardiovascular Disease.
Annals of internal medicine 2022 Bepo L, Makam AN, Nguyen OK -
Establishing Medicaid incentives for liberating nursing home patients from ventilators.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2021 Keohane LM, Mart MF, Ely EW, Lai P, Cheng A, Makam AN, Stevenson DG -
National Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders Among Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations: NHAMCS 2014-2018.
Journal of general internal medicine 2021 Suen LW, Makam AN, Snyder HR, Repplinger D, Kushel MB, Martin M, Nguyen OK -
Availability of Palliative Care in Long-Term Acute Care Hospitals.
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2021 Sumarsono N, Sudore RL, Smith AK, Pantilat SZ, Anderson WG, Makam AN -
Policy in Clinical Practice: Choosing Post-Acute Care in the New Decade.
Journal of hospital medicine 2021 Makam AN, Grabowski DC -
Appropriateness of Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Transfer: A Multicenter Study of Medicare ACO Beneficiaries.
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2021 Schumacher RC, Chiu M, de Leon J, Krause K, Makam AN -
Man vs. Machine: Comparing Physician vs. Electronic Health Record-Based Model Predictions for 30-Day Hospital Readmissions.
Journal of general internal medicine 2021 Nguyen OK, Washington C, Clark CR, Miller ME, Patel VA, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Caring for Hospitalized Incarcerated Patients: Physician and Nurse Experience.
Journal of general internal medicine 2021 Brooks KC, Makam AN, Haber LA -
Factors Associated with Duration of Rehabilitation Among Older Adults with Prolonged Hospitalization.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2020 Nguyen DQ, Ifejika NL, Reistetter TA, Makam AN -
Comparative effectiveness of long-term acute care hospital versus skilled nursing facility transfer.
BMC health services research 2020 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Miller ME, Shah SJ, Kapinos KA, Halm EA -
Inclusion of Performance Parameters and Patient Context in the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Heart Failure.
Journal of cardiac failure 2020 Goyal P, Unlu O, Kennel PJ, Schumacher RC, Gilstrap LG, Krishnaswami A, Allen LA, Maurer MS, Rich MW, Makam A -
Can we predict early 7-day readmissions using a standard 30-day hospital readmission risk prediction model?
BMC medical informatics and decision making 2020 Saleh SN, Makam AN, Halm EA, Nguyen OK -
Reply to Comment on: The Clinical Course After Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Admission Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2020 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Halm EA -
Evidence-Based Medicine and the American Thoracic Society Guidelines-Reply.
JAMA internal medicine 2019 Schumacher RC, Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Improving Respiratory Rate Accuracy in the Hospital: A Quality Improvement Initiative.
Journal of hospital medicine 2019 Keshvani N, Berger K, Gupta A, DePaola S, Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Comparison of Scheduled vs Emergency-Only Dialysis in Undocumented Immigrants With End-stage Renal Disease-Reply.
JAMA internal medicine 2019 Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Utility of Blood Cultures in Pneumonia.
The American journal of medicine 2019 Zhang D, Yang D, Makam AN -
Evidence-Based Medicine and the American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.
JAMA internal medicine 2019 Schumacher RC, Nguyen OK, Deshpande K, Makam AN -
Association of Scheduled vs Emergency-Only Dialysis With Health Outcomes and Costs in Undocumented Immigrants With End-stage Renal Disease.
JAMA internal medicine 2019 Nguyen OK, Vazquez MA, Charles L, Berger JR, Quiñones H, Fuquay R, Sanders JM, Kapinos KA, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Effect of Site-Neutral Payment Policy on Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Use.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2018 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Kirby B, Miller ME, Xuan L, Halm EA -
Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Use of Non-Mechanically Ventilated Hospitalized Older Adults.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2018 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Xuan L, Miller ME, Halm EA -
Shortcomings of Research Regarding Long-term Acute Care Hospitals and Skilled Nursing Facilities-Reply.
JAMA internal medicine 2018 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Halm EA -
Predicting 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The AMI "READMITS" (Renal Function, Elevated Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Age, Diabetes Mellitus, Nonmale Sex, Intervention with Timely Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, and Low Systolic Blood Pressure) Score.
Journal of the American Heart Association 2018 Nguyen OK, Makam AN, Clark C, Zhang S, Das SR, Halm EA -
The Influence of Financial Strain on Health Decision-Making.
Journal of general internal medicine 2018 Nguyen OK, Higashi RT, Makam AN, Mijares JC, Lee SC -
Acute Myocardial Infarction Readmission Risk Prediction Models: A Systematic Review of Model Performance.
Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2018 Smith LN, Makam AN, Darden D, Mayo H, Das SR, Halm EA, Nguyen OK -
A Depressing Diagnostic Error.
The American journal of medicine 2017 Chaulk AL, Wang JI, Makam AN -
What Are the Opportunity Costs of Self-Financing Medical Education?
Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2017 Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Roadmap for improving the accuracy of respiratory rate measurements.
BMJ quality & safety 2017 Keshvani N, Berger K, Nguyen OK, Makam AN -
Is everyone really breathing 20 times a minute? Assessing epidemiology and variation in recorded respiratory rate in hospitalised adults.
BMJ quality & safety 2017 Badawy J, Nguyen OK, Clark C, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired Anemia.
Journal of hospital medicine 2017 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Clark C, Halm EA -
Predicting 30-Day Pneumonia Readmissions Using Electronic Health Record Data.
Journal of hospital medicine 2017 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Clark C, Zhang S, Xie B, Weinreich M, Mortensen EM, Halm EA -
Predicting the Risk of Readmission in Pneumonia. A Systematic Review of Model Performance.
Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2016 Weinreich M, Nguyen OK, Wang D, Mayo H, Mortensen EM, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Further Limitations of the HOSPITAL Score in US Hospitals.
JAMA internal medicine 2016 Nguyen OK, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Clinical Criteria to Identify Patients With Sepsis.
JAMA 2016 Makam AN, Nguyen OK -
National Use of Safety-Net Clinics for Primary Care among Adults with Non-Medicaid Insurance in the United States.
PloS one 2016 Nguyen OK, Makam AN, Halm EA -
Predicting all-cause readmissions using electronic health record data from the entire hospitalization: Model development and comparison.
Journal of hospital medicine 2016 Nguyen OK, Makam AN, Clark C, Zhang S, Xie B, Velasco F, Amarasingham R, Halm EA -
Relationship between hospital financial performance and publicly reported outcomes.
Journal of hospital medicine 2016 Nguyen OK, Halm EA, Makam AN -
Trends in Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Use in Texas from 2002-2011.
Annals of gerontology and geriatric research 2015 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Zhou J, Ottenbacher KJ, Halm EA -
The Diagnostic Cascade of Incidental Findings: A Teachable Moment.
JAMA internal medicine 2015 Nguyen LT, Sullivan CT, Makam AN -
Response to Einhorn and colleagues.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Makam AN, Steinman MA -
Diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness of automated electronic sepsis alert systems: A systematic review.
Journal of hospital medicine 2015 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Auerbach AD -
Envisioning a social-health information exchange as a platform to support a patient-centered medical neighborhood: a feasibility study.
Journal of general internal medicine 2014 Nguyen OK, Chan CV, Makam A, Stieglitz H, Amarasingham R -
Risk of thiazide-induced metabolic adverse events in older adults.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014 Makam AN, Boscardin WJ, Miao Y, Steinman MA -
Blood culture use in the emergency department in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia.
JAMA internal medicine 2014 Makam AN, Auerbach AD, Steinman MA -
Blood culture use in the emergency department in patients hospitalized with respiratory symptoms due to a nonpneumonia illness.
Journal of hospital medicine 2014 Makam AN, Auerbach AD, Steinman MA -
Factors associated with primary vein graft occlusion in a multicenter trial with mandated ultrasound surveillance.
Journal of vascular surgery 2013 Oresanya L, Makam AN, Belkin M, Moneta GL, Conte MS -
The good, the bad and the early adopters: providers' attitudes about a common, commercial EHR.
Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 2013 Makam AN, Lanham HJ, Batchelor K, Moran B, Howell-Stampley T, Kirk L, Cherukuri M, Samal L, Santini N, Leykum LK, Halm EA -
Use and satisfaction with key functions of a common commercial electronic health record: a survey of primary care providers.
BMC medical informatics and decision making 2013 Makam AN, Lanham HJ, Batchelor K, Samal L, Moran B, Howell-Stampley T, Kirk L, Cherukuri M, Santini N, Leykum LK, Halm EA -
Identifying patients with diabetes and the earliest date of diagnosis in real time: an electronic health record case-finding algorithm.
BMC medical informatics and decision making 2013 Makam AN, Nguyen OK, Moore B, Ma Y, Amarasingham R